Playdough-like carbon electrode: A promising strategy for high efficiency perovskite solar cells and modules

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells(C-PSCs)are promising candidates for large-scale photovoltaic applications due to their theoretical low cost and high stability.However,the fabrication of high-performance C-PSCs with large-area electrodes remains challenging.In this work,we propose a novel playdough-like graphite putty as top electrode in the perovskite devices.This electrode with soft nature can form good contact with the holetransporting layer and the conductive substrate at room temperature by a simple pressing technique,which facilitates the fabrication of both small-area devices and perovskite solar modules.In this preliminary research,the corresponding small devices and modules can achieve efficiencies of 20.29%(~0.15 cm^(2))and 16.01%(~10 cm^(2)),respectively.Moreover,we analyze the limitations of the optical and electrical properties of this playdough-like graphite electrode on the device performance,suggesting a direction for further improvement of C-PSCs in the future.