Enhancing photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction with TiO_(2)-based materials:Strategies,mechanisms,challenges,and perspectives

The concentration of atmospheric CO_(2)has exceeded 400 ppm,surpassing its natural variability and raising concerns about uncontrollable shifts in the carbon cycle,leading to significant climate and environmental impacts.A promising method to balance carbon levels and mitigate atmospheric CO_(2)rise is through photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),renowned for its affordability,stability,availability,and eco-friendliness,stands out as an exemplary catalyst in photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Various strategies have been proposed to modify TiO_(2)for photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction and improve catalytic activity and product selectivity.However,few studies have systematically summarized these strategies and analyzed their advantages,disadvantages,and current progress.Here,we comprehensively review recent advancements in TiO_(2)engineering,focusing on crystal engineering,interface design,and reactive site construction to enhance photocatalytic efficiency and product selectivity.We discuss how modifications in TiO_(2)'s optical characteristics,carrier migration,and active site design have led to varied and selective CO_(2)reduction products.These enhancements are thoroughly analyzed through experimental data and theoretical calculations.Additionally,we identify current challenges and suggest future research directions,emphasizing the role of TiO_(2)-based materials in understanding photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction mechanisms and in designing effective catalysts.This review is expected to contribute to the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by providing foundational insights into the mechanisms of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction with TiO_(2)-based materials and guiding the development of efficient photocatalysts.