Developmental impacts and toxicological hallmarks of silver nanoparticles across diverse biological models

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs),revered for their antimicrobial prowess,have become ubiquitous in a range of products,from biomedical equipment to food packaging.However,amidst their rising popularity,concerns loom over their possible detrimental effects on fetal development and subsequent adult life.This review delves into the developmental toxicity of AgNPs across diverse models,from aquatic species like zebrafish and catfish to mammalian rodents and in vitro embryonic stem cells.Our focus encompasses the fate of AgNPs in different contexts,elucidating associated hazardous results such as embryotoxicity and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Furthermore,we scrutinize the enduring adverse impacts on offspring,spanning impaired neurobehavior function,reproductive disorders,cardiopulmonary lesions,and hepatotoxicity.Key hallmarks of developmental harm are identified,encompassing redox imbalances,inflammatory cascades,DNA damage,and mitochondrial stress.Notably,we explore potential explanations,linking immunoregulatory dysfunction and disrupted epigenetic modifications to AgNPsinduced developmental failures.Despite substantial progress,our understanding of the developmental risks posed by AgNPs remains incomplete,underscoring the urgency of further research in this critical area.