权利保障视域下进城落户农民宅基地有偿退出制度完善研究

Study on improving the system of paid withdrawal from rural homestead in the context of rights protection

在全面推进乡村振兴战略背景下,盘活闲置的农村宅基地资源是实现乡村振兴的有效途径,进城落户农民自愿退出闲置宅基地制度对于实现农民集体发展权、农民代际公平和农村共同富裕具有重要意义。我国宅基地有偿退出制度在政策引领下兼顾公平与效率的双重价值诉求,以《土地管理法》《民法典》作为直接法律依据,具有充分的合理性与合法性。立足农民权利保障视角,通过对S省Y区实地调研发现,宅基地退出过程中存在的现实问题主要表现为农户退出意愿低,退出经济补偿及后续社会保障不足,甚至出现了个别违背自愿原则的现象,侵害了农民的合法权益。问题反映了宅基地退出制度设计不足、宅基地退出工作组织者责任履行不当及农民权利救济意识不足等问题。针对现实问题,需要从优化宅基地退出补偿制度、健全程序机制、完善退出后续生活保障制度、加强农民权利救济和制定全国统一的《宅基地退出实施办法》等方面为宅基地自愿有偿退出提供保障。

Under the background of comprehensively promoting the rural revitalization strategy,reactivating the idle rural home base resources is an effective way to realize rural revitalization.The system of voluntary withdrawal of rural migrants from unused housing is of great significance to realize farmers'collective development right,farmers'intergenerational equity and common ru⁃ral prosperity.Guided by policy,China's paid eviction system for homesteads calls for the twin values of equity and efficiency,and uses the Land Management Law and the Civil Code as the direct legal basis,which has the full rationality and the legitimacy.Based on the perspective of farmers'rights protection,through the field research in Y district of S province,this paper found that the real problems in the process of withdrawing from the house base were mainly manifested as the low willingness of farmers to withdraw.The withdrawal of economic compensation and the subsequent insufficiency of social security,and even a few individu⁃al violations of the principle of voluntariness,have infringed on the legitimate rights and interests of farmers.The problems reflect the inadequate design of the homeless eviction system,the improper implementation of the responsibilities of the organizer of the homelessness eviction exercise,and insufficient awareness of farmers'rights remedies.In response to real problems,it is neces⁃sary to optimize the compensation system,improve the procedure mechanism,perfect the follow-up life guarantee system,strengthen farmers'rights relief and formulate a unified national implementation methodology for the withdrawal of homestead.