殷商犬官发展研究

A Study on the Development of the Dog Handler Officials in the Shang Dynasty

文章将殷商犬官发展阶段分为前、中、后三期,并结合类组、时代等要素分别对各时期犬官进行了梳理。文章据材料编制了犬官人物及类组分布表、非专称犬官材料类组分布表和犬官名称结构统计表,直观体现出犬官体系的逐渐发展成熟的表现:更重视组织运作流程,产生了层级的意识,将责任落实到部门而非具体人,也体现出职官系统的逐步制度化、体系化、专业化。文章依数据对犬官沿革过程进行了共时、历时分析,认为前期犬官与无名类卜辞中的犬官有本质区别,后者不仅职权范围基本被固定在了田猎上,而且表现出明显的递嬗关系,整体体现出在规则中运行的过程。综上,犬官系统到殷商后期形成了一个较为严密、成熟的组织。殷商职官系统也应从以人为核心沿革成为规则、架构明晰的组织了。

This article divides the official system of dog handlers in the Yin-Shang period into three stages:early,middle,and late.It provides a brief overview of the dog handlers in each period,based on categories and eras.The article compiles three tables:a distribution table of dog handler individuals and groups,a distribution table of non-specific dog handler materials by category,and a statistical table of the structure of dog handler titles.The data visually reflects the gradual maturation of the dog handler system:greater emphasis on organizational processes,the emergence of hierarchical awareness,and the delegation of responsibilities to departments rather than individuals.It also demonstrates the progressive institutionalization,systematization,and specialization of the official system.Based on the data,the article conducts both synchronic and diachronic analyses of the evolution of the dog handler system.It argues that early dog handlers differ fundamentally from the nameless dog handlers in oracle bone inscriptions,as the latter's authority was mostly confined to hunting,exhibiting a clear developmental relationship.Overall,the process reflects a system operating within rules.In conclusion,by the late Yin-Shang period,the dog handler system had developed into a relatively tight and mature organization.It can be inferred that the broader Yin-Shang official system had likely evolved from a people-centered structure to one with clear rules and frameworks.