从主奴关系到伦理和解:再思黑格尔精神哲学中的承认问题

From the Relationship between Master and Slave to Ethical Reconciliation:Reflections on the Problem of Recognition in Hegel's Philosophy of Spirit

费希特在其承认理论中着重讨论了个体之间相互承认的可能性,但他的分析仅限于理性的、纯粹形式的演绎,这就使“承认”缺乏社会历史的具体的现实性。黑格尔批判和继承了费希特的承认理论,在精神哲学中以自我意识的形成作为逻辑起点,通过自我意识的展开、实现,将承认落实到现实的共同体中。在黑格尔的精神哲学中,感性意识、知性、知觉建构了人的自我意识,主奴关系则实现了虚幻的“承认”,但其本质是“斗争”。黑格尔从家庭、市民社会和国家的辩证发展运动过程中揭示了承认的根据是历史的、动态变化的,它由个体在家庭、社会和国家中的不同伦理角色的演进所决定,是客观意义上的“承认”,其本质是“和解”。通过这样的理论设计,黑格尔即使个体免于被共同体吞没的命运,又使个体的特殊意愿有实现之可能。人与人之间的关系从“斗争”状态演变为共存、互动于现实实体中的“合作”状态,个体不再是单一、孤立的存在,而是在实体中相互联系、共生互动的运动主体。

Fichte focuses on the possibility of the mutual recognition of individuals in his theory of recognition,but his analysis is limited to rational and purely formal deduction,which makes“recognition”lack the concrete reality of social history.Hegel has criticized and inherited Fichte's theory of recognition,taking the formation of self-consciousness as the logical starting point in the philosophy of spirit,and implementing recognition into the community of reality through the development and realization of self-consciousness.In Hegel's philosophy of spirit,perceptual consciousness,intellectuality and perception construct man's self-consciousness,while the relationship between master and slave realizes illusory“recognition”,but its essence is“struggle”.From the dialectical development of the family,civil society and state,Hegel reveals that the basis of recognition is historical and dynamic,which is determined by the evolution of different ethical roles of individuals in the family,society and state.It is“recognition”in an objective sense,and its essence is“reconciliation”.Through this theoretical design,Hegel has not only saved the individual from the fate of being swallowed by the community,but also made it possible to realize the special will of the individual.The relationship between people has evolved from a state of“struggle”to a“cooperation”of coexistence and interaction in the real entity.Individuals are no longer a single and isolated existence,but a moving subject of mutual contact and symbiotic interaction in the entity.