从唐诗的顶真看汉语的语法

Examining Chinese Grammar through the Lens of Anadiplosis in Tang Poetry

本文从唐诗的顶真来重新认识汉语的语法,对顶真的概念、认知结构、句法结构、逻辑结构和形成原因进行了考察,从修辞视角和语法结构视角比较了顶真的概念,提出二者的关联是用法塑造语法。顶真的认知结构是视窗的连续交叠,根据视窗的弹性和注意力的广度可以把顶真分为词顶真、短语顶真、句顶真和章顶真。顶真的句法结构具有断连性、链接性和缩放性等特点。顶真的逻辑结构是“两元相关律逻辑”,单线顶真和多线顶真中的逆顶式是“二元共享”,多线顶真中的顺顶式是“二元倚变”。顶真的形成来源于对话,具有话语动因、交际动因和互动行为动因。顶真的上下句还是对言,一问一答,或者来言去语。前一句句末的信息焦点,成了后一句句首的话题。唐诗的顶真不仅可以佐证汉语的名词是“大名词”,还可以让我们认识到汉语的语法是“对言语法(大语法)”。

This paper reexamines the grammar of the Chinese language through the lens of anadiplosis in Tang Dynasty poetry.It investigates the concept,cognitive structure,syntactic structure,logical structure,and causes of anadiplosis.Rhetorical studies focus on the expressive effects and occurrence context of anadiplosis,while grammatical studies emphasize the fundamental status and syntactic value within the structure of Chinese.Comparing the concept of anadiplosis from both rhetorical and grammatical perspectives,it is proposed that their connection reflects the way usage shapes grammar,and the cognitive structure of anadiplosis involves the continuous overlap of""windows of attention".The overlapping items produced by the continuous expansion of"windows of attention"are referred to as linking pairs.The anadiplosis can be categorized into word-level,phraselevel,sentence-level,and chapter-level anadiplosis based on the flexibility of attention and the breadth of focus.The longer the form of the linking pairs,the greater the flexibility and the broader the scope of attention.Conversely,the shorter the form of the linking pairs,the lower the flexibility and the narrower the scope of attention.The elasticity of"windows of attention"between different types of anadiplosis follows the following continuous sequence:word-level anadiplosis<phrase-level anadiplosis<sentence-level anadiplosis<chapterlevel anadiplosis.The syntactic structure of anadiplosis exhibits characteristics such as disconnection,connectivity,and scalability.The logical structure of anadiplosis is the"logic of correlative duality",where inverse pattern in single-line and multilinear anadiplosis involves di-branching,and sequential pattern in multilinear anadiplosis entails co-variation.In Tang poetry,di-branching and co-variation can be interwoven.The origin of anadiplosis lies in dialogue,driven by discourse,communicative motives,and interactional actions.On the other hand,it also stems from the grammaticalization of the topical linkage in discourse.The preceding and succeeding sentences of anadiplosis function as discourse,posing questions and providing answers,or engaging in reciprocal speech acts.The information focus at the end of the preceding sentence becomes the topic at the beginning of the subsequent one.The formation and continuation of topics involve three stages:introduction,selection,and continuation.In terms of the formation and development of anadiplosis,the preceding sentence of the anadiplosis represents the introduction stage,while the succeeding sentence represents the continuation stage.The determination of linking pairs occurs during the selection stage.Tang poetry's use of anadiplosis not only supports the notion that Chinese nouns are"super-nouns"but also underscores that Chinese grammar adheres to the"dui-speech grammar(macrogrammar)".