草原生态补偿及其对牧户行为影响:综述与展望

A review and prospect of grassland ecologicalcompensation and its impact on herders’ behavior

本文主要就草原生态补偿尤其是中国的草原生态补奖政策与牧户行为进行了相关文献的梳理和回顾,就草原生态补偿的国内外发展、生态补偿政策对农牧户行为的干预机理、生态补奖政策与农牧户行为的互动影响进行了分析。以“Web of Science”和中国知网为数据源,搜集整理并归纳了相关研究。研究认为:①中国的草原生态补偿有别于国际上广泛实施的生态系统服务付费项目,是一种自上而下且具有环境管制方式的政策工具,有更为深刻的政府主导性。②草原生态补偿确实影响了农牧户的草场经营行为,基本沿着“生态政策—行为影响机理—政策执行”的机理路径,调节农牧户行为,收获治理成效。但因制度情境、农牧户异质性,呈现了治理结果的差异。③中国的生态补奖政策收获了较好的生态成效,牧民为适应政策调整了经营行为,如减畜、流转、半舍饲、非农就业等,但因生计局限性、对减畜的认知差异,没有形成激励相容的政策干预模式。本文从3个方面提出了未来可能的研究方向:①减畜替代行为研究。应明确补奖政策的核心目标不是减畜,而是减轻放牧强度从而实现草畜平衡;②草原生态补偿制度的干预机理研究。需要解构政策、揭示单一政策手段对行为的影响规律,进而解析“政策—行为”的互动机理;③融入乡村振兴的战略背景,完善未来尤其是第四轮草原生态补奖政策。

This study mainly reviewed the relevant literature on payment for environmental services(PES)policies,especially China’s grassland ecological compensation policy,and the intervention mechanism of ecological compensation policies on the behavior of herders,as well as their interactive impacts.We used the Web of Science(WoS)and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)databases as data sources to examine relevant research trends.This study found that:(1)China’s grassland ecological compensation is different from the PES projects commonly implemented internationally.It is a top-down policy tool with an environmental control method,under a strong government leadership.(2)Grassland ecological compensation does affect the grassland management behavior of farmers and herders.It basically follows the path of ecological policy-behavioral intervention-governance effectiveness to regulate the behavior of farmers and herders and achieve positive governance results.However,due to the institutional context and the heterogeneity of farmers and herders,there are differences in governance results.(3)China’s grassland ecological compensation has achieved good ecological results.Herders have adjusted their grazing and management behaviors to adapt to the policy,such as by reducing stocking rate,transferring grassland use rights,supplementing animal feed for breeding,engaging in non-agricultural employment,and so on.However,due to livelihood limitations and lack of awareness of the necessity of such policies on the part of herders,incentive-compatible policies are yet to be developed.This article proposed possible future research directions from three aspects.First,research on alternative behaviors for destocking.It must be made clear that the core goal of the compensation policy is not to reduce livestock numbers,but to reduce grazing intensity in order to achieve a balance between grass and livestock;Second,research on the intervention mechanism of the compensation system.It is necessary to deconstruct policies,reveal the influence of individual policy means on behavior,and then analyze the interactions between policy and behavior;Third,integration into the strategic background of rural revitalization and improvement of future policies,especially the fourth round of grassland ecological compensation policies.