摘要
Environmental pollution disrupts aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems,constituting a risk to the human survival due to the harmful effects of different pollutants,including heavy metals,persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and radionuclides.Specifically,long-term exposure to cadmium(Cd)causes kidney damage,bone fragility,and fractures.Lead(Pb)and mercury(Hg)are known for their haematotoxic and neurotoxic properties.Arsenic(As)can cause skin cancer,hyperkeratosis lesions,skin pigmentation disorders,as well as lung cancer[1].Additionally,POPs,such as organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)and dioxins,are a class of carbon-based organic chemicals characterized by their persistence,bioaccumulation,and potential for long-range transport.These substances are recognized as hazardous pollutants and endocrine disruptors[2].Because of this evidence,efforts are made to assess environmental pollution in order to guarantee a balanced ecosystem and human health.Pollution monitoring traditionally involved directly measuring pollutantlevels in the environmentalmatrices,including air,soil,and water.
