电信网络诈骗中“明知”的推定适用探赜

On the Application of the Presumption of“Knowing”in Telecommunication Network Fraud

近年来,电信网络诈骗及其关联犯罪呈井喷式增长,在认定主观“明知”的过程中,由于电信网络诈骗犯罪面临着证据收集难以及贯彻严惩犯罪刑事政策的需要,“列举+概括”与“综合认定”的推定规则由此确立。而在适用推定时依然面临着自由裁量权过大、降低证明标准、反驳权的行使缺乏明确规范指引等问题。对此,应通过强化裁判文书说理、创设推定规则以经验法则为参照、规范刑事推定的反驳程序三种方式来解决。

In recent years,telecommunication network fraud and its related crimes have shown a spurt of growth,and in the process of determining subjective“knowing”,and due to the difficulty of evidence collection and the need to implement the criminal policy of severe punishment of crimes in telecommunication network fraud,the presumption rules of“enumeration+generalization”and“comprehensive determination”have been established.However,when applying the presumption,it still faces problems such as excessive discretion,lowering the standard of proof,and lack of clear normative guidelines for the operation of the right of rebuttal.In this regard,it should be solved by three ways:strengthening the reasoning of judgment documents,creating presumption rules with reference to empirical rules,and standardizing the rebuttal procedures for criminal presumptions.