不同播期对油葵农艺性状及品质的影响

Effects of different sowing dates on agronomic characters and quality of oil sunflower

本研究探索播期对不同油葵品种开花习性、经济性状、产量和品质的影响,旨在为我国中部省区向日葵栽培提供参考。结果表明,早春育苗移栽较早春直播极大地缩短了播种到初花的时间;除早熟品种6K132外,各播期处理的成熟时间均随着播期推迟而缩短,夏秋播的成熟期较早春播种缩短9~25 d,较春季播种缩短9~11 d。早春直播和育苗移栽对籽粒产量的影响在不同年份间存在差异,且与品种存在互作效应。不同播期对油葵脂肪酸组分含量影响明显,夏秋播收获的籽粒中亚油酸含量显著增加,2021年和2022年分别比春播增加13.2%~39.1%和16.0%~35.4%;亚油酸/油酸比从春播的0.39~0.65和0.26~0.67分别升高到夏秋播的1.47~3.42和0.65~2.11。此外,夏秋播收获的种子发芽力最好,2021年和2022年出苗率分别为92.2%~97.8%和60.0%~93.3%。综上所述,在武汉等中部省区,可通过选择不同播期来生产不同亚油酸/油酸比的葵花籽,春播可提高向日葵籽油酸含量,而夏秋播可提高亚油酸含量;可实现一年两季向日葵生产和多季观花需求,并具备通过品种选择和适宜的栽培措施来提高产量的潜力;通过播期调控可躲避花期和灌浆期的高温高湿从而获得高质量的种子,夏秋播种有利于提高种子质量。

In order to provide reference for sunflower cultivation in central China,the effects of different sow-ing dates on the flowering habits,economic traits,yield and quality of sunflower were researched.The results showed that the time from sowing to flowering was greatly shortened by transplanting seedlings than direct seeding in early spring.Except for the early-maturing variety 6K132,the maturity time of sunflower for each sowing date treatment was shortened with the delay of sowing date.The maturity time of summer and autumn sowing treatment was shortened by 9-25 days compared with that of early spring sowing,and by 9-11 days compared with that of spring sowing.The effects of direct seeding and seedling transplantation in early spring on grain yield were different between two years,and there was interaction effect with varieties;The fatty acid content of oil sunflower was signifi-cantly affected by different sowing dates,linoleic acid content of seeds harvested from summer and autumn sowing treatment increased significantly,increasing by 13.2%-39.1%and 16.0%-35.4%in 2021 and 2022,respectively.The L/O(linoleic acid content/oleic acid content)ratio increased from 0.39-0.65 and 0.26-0.67 in spring sowing to 1.47-3.42 and 0.65-2.11 in summer/autumn sowing,respectively.In addition,seeds harvested from summer and autumn sowing had the best germinating ability,with emergence rates of 92.2%to 97.8%(for 2021 year)and 60.0%to 93.3%(for 2022 year),respectively.It was concluded that sunflower seeds with different L/O ratios can be pro-duced by selecting different sowing dates in Wuhan and other central provinces.Sowing in spring can increase the oleic acid content of sunflower seeds,while sowing in summer and autumn can increase the linoleic acid content.The demand of biannual sunflower production and multi-season flower viewing can be realized in the central region,and has the potential to increase the yield through variety selection and appropriate cultivation measures.High qual-ity seeds can be obtained by adjusting sowing date to avoid high temperature and high humidity in flowering and fill-ing stages,sowing in summer and autumn is beneficial to improve seed quality.