从“正统”到“中华一统”:元修三史正统观新解

From“Orthodoxy”to“the Unification of China”:New Explanation of the Orthodox View of the Three Historiography Records Compiled in Yuan Dynasty

辽宋金三史的议修贯穿整个元朝,根本原因在于正统的争议。元修三史所涉“正统”之争,史官的理论依据既有传统的华夷之辨正统观,也有受“大一统”思想影响而出现的“大一统正统观”,以及源自《南史》《北史》编纂思想的“复线正统观”。元朝实现的“中华一统”格局不是单一民族体制下的一统,而是多民族凝聚而成的共同体,反映在正统观上,元朝不再拘泥于将某一政权作为正统承续对象。元朝最终以辽、宋、金三朝同为正统,本质上即承认三者皆为中华王朝,同属“中华”。由于三史在时间、空间上均存在重合,虽为三朝之史,实则彼此关联,三者所组成的完整体系便是10至13世纪的“中华”,故命名为“史”,而未命名为“书”。元朝则是超越“正统”之上的“中华一统”。“中华一统”观念历经明、清两朝发展,为近代以来“中华民族”意识走向自觉和铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定了坚实的历史基础。

The discussion and revision of the three historical records of Liao,Song and Jin dynasties runs through the whole period of the Yuan Dynasty,and the focus lies in the controversy over the legitimacy.The theoretical basis of historians is based on the traditional orthodox view of Hua-Yi,the“orthodox view”influenced by the thought of“great unification”,and the“double-track orthodox view”derived from the compilation thought of Southern History and Northern History.The pattern of“Chinese unification”realized by the Yuan Dynasty was not a unity under a single ethnic system,but a community formed by the cohesion of multiple ethnic groups,which was reflected in the orthodox view,and the Yuan Dynasty was no longer restricted to a certain regime as the object of orthodox renewal.The Yuan Dynasty finally took the Liao,Song and Jin dynasties as orthodox dynasties,in essence,it recognized that all three were Chinese dynasties and belonged to“China”as a whole.Because the three histories overlap in time and space,although they are the history of the three dynasties,they are actually related to each other.The complete system of the three histories is the“China”from the 10th to the 13th centuries,so it is named“history”,rather than“book”.The Yuan Dynasty was the“Chinese unification”beyond the“orthodox history”.The concept of“Chinese unification”,through the development of the Ming and Qing dynasties,has laid a solid historical foundation for the consciousness of“Chinese nation”to become self-conscious and fostering a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.