印度现代化进程中的城乡差别研究

The Widening Urban-Rural Gap in India’s Modernization Process

工农互促、城乡互补是现代化建设的目标,印度现代化进程未能实现城乡融合发展,反而造成城乡差别日益扩大。本文梳理印度独立后工农业发展政策,分析造成印度现代化进程中城乡差别的政策原因、结构制约与政治影响。实际上,印度独立后,在工业与农业、城市化与乡村发展的关系方面发生过大量争论,在实践层面也经历了曲折与反复。印度的现代化进程没有从根本上改变印度的传统社会结构,各种工农业发展计划、惠民政策与民主实践,没能促进工农业协同进步与城乡融合发展。农村土地精英和富农阶级做大做强、阻碍农村农业现代化发展,城市地区贫富差距严重,难以实现以工促农、以城带乡的融合发展。

Mutual promotion between industry and agriculture and complementarity between urban and rural areas are the goals of modernization.India’s modernization process has failed to achieve integrated urban and rural development,and has resulted in a widening gap between urban and rural areas.This article reviews India’s industrial and agricultural development policies after its independence and analyzes the policy reasons,structural constraints and political influences that have caused the widening urban-rural gap in India’s modernization process.Although after its independence India’s modernization has witnessed a lot of debates on the relationship of industry and agriculture,urbanization and rural development and also experienced twists and turns at the practical level,India’s modernization process has not fundamentally challenged the country’s traditional social structure.Various industrial and agricultural development plans,people-friendly policies and democratic practices have failed to promote the coordinated progress of industry and agriculture and integrated development of urban and rural areas.The rural land elites and rich peasants have expanded in size and strength,hindering the fundamental reform of rural areas,while the gap between rich and poor in urban areas is widening.The situation in which industry promotes agriculture and urban areas support rural development has not been achieved.