美国外国直接产品规则:历史演进、国际法合法性及中国应对

Foreign Direct Product Rules of the United States:Historical Evolution,International Legitimacy and China's Response

近年来,美国出台了多项外国直接产品规则,将更多在美国境外生产的与美国技术、软件或设备有关的产品纳入了出口管制的范围。这类规则过分扩张了美国的域外管辖范围,直接影响到了中国等一些国家的企业的正常经贸活动。尽管美国国会赋予总统较大的出口管制权力,使其能够在现有法律框架内制定这类具有域外效力的规则,且国际法允许存在一些具有域外效力的出口管制规则,但目前美国出台的这些外国直接产品规则已超出了国际法允许的范围,不具备国际法合法性。效果原则、国籍原则和保护原则均不能为这些规则的域外效力提供合法性依据,除非将它们的域外效力限缩在国籍原则和保护原则所允许的有限范围内。考虑到这些外国直接产品规则的国际不法性以及其对中国造成的严重不利影响,中国应采用法律和外交双重手段加以应对。中国可向美国发出正式法律文件或声明,要求美国撤销或者修改这些规则,使其符合国际法。中国亦可灵活采取反措施,并鼓励企业充分利用国内外司法、行政救济途径避免或者减少损失。

In recent years,the U.S.has introduced multiple foreign direct product(FDP)rules that increasingly expand export controls to more products related to U.S.technology,software,or equipment produced abroad.These rules extend U.S.extraterritorial jurisdiction and disrupt business activities in countries like China.While U.S.Congress has granted the President authority to formulate such rules,and international law permits some extraterritorial export controls,these FDP rules exceed permissible limits under international law and lack legitimacy.The effects doctrine,nationality principle and protective principle cannot provide a solid international legal basis for these rules unless their extraterritorial effect is limited to the narrow scope allowed by the nationality principle and protective principle.Given their internationally wrongfulness and significant negative impact on China,China should use both legal and diplomatic means to address them.China should formally request that the U.S.revoke or amend these rules.Further,China should flexibly take countermeasures and encourage enterprises to fully utilize domestic and foreign judicial and administrative remedies to mitigate losses.