Enhancing efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells:The role of dual-site binding ligands

Solar energy,a renewable and abundant source of energy,offers considerable potential as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.Over the past few decades,various technologies have been developed to harness and convert solar energy into thermal,electrical,and chemical forms[1].Photovoltaic(PV)technology has attracted significant at-tention owing to its ability to directly convert sunlight into electricity.Among the emerging PV devices,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as leading contenders,exhibiting a remarkable increase in power conversion efficiency(PCE)from below 15%to over 26%in just a decade.This performance is comparable to that of established crys-talline Si(c-Si)cells.The low cost of raw materials and straightforward manufacturing processes result in a low estimated large-scale manu-facturing cost for PSCs,which is only 50%that of c-Si devices.Fur-thermore,the mechanical flexibility and high power-to-weight ratio of PSCs render them suitable for lightweight and innovative applications such as building-integrated PV and wearable electronics[2].