肥料减施对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响

Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Wheat Yield and Starch Particle Size Distribution Characteristics

为明确肥料减施对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响,以小麦品种龙科1109、扬麦25为材料,设置7个施肥处理,不施氮肥(CK)、农户习惯施氮量(三元复合肥750 kg/hm^(2)+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素,CF)、缓释肥900 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF900)、缓释肥750 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF750)、缓释肥600 kg/hm^(2)一次性基施(SF600)、缓释肥750 kg/hm^(2)基施+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素(S750T)、缓释肥600 kg/hm^(2)基施+追施150 kg/hm^(2)尿素(S600T)。分析不同处理间缓释肥对小麦产量与淀粉粒度分布特征的影响。结果表明,肥料减施条件下,2个茬口小麦穗数先增加后降低、穗粒数降低,千粒质量增加,且均以SF750处理下产量最高;2个茬口小麦湿面筋、蛋白质含量下降,淀粉含量增加;旱茬强、弱势籽粒B型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比先增后降,A型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比先降后增;稻茬B型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比增加,A型淀粉粒体积、表面积占比下降;而对数目百分比无显著影响;2个茬口糊化参数等指标均下降。由此可见,肥料减施主要通过影响胚乳淀粉粒度分布,降低糊化参数等指标,增加籽粒产量及淀粉含量,进而降低蛋白质及湿面筋含量;肥料减施较农户习惯施氮量小麦籽粒产量增加,湿面筋与蛋白质含量增加,淀粉含量下降。

In order to clarify the effect of fertilizer reduction on wheat yield and starch particle size distribution characteristics,seven fertilization treatments were set up with wheat varieties Longke 1109 and Yangmai 25 as materials.No nitrogen fertilizer(CK),farmer′s customary nitrogen application rate(ternary compound fertilizer 750 kg/ha+topdressing 150 kg/ha urea,CF),slow-release fertilizer 900 kg/ha one-time base application(SF900),slow-release fertilizer 750 kg/ha one-time base application(SF750),slow-release fertilizer 600 kg/ha one-time base application(SF600),slow-release fertilizer 750 kg/ha base application+topdressing 150 kg/ha urea(S750T),slow-release fertilizer 600 kg/ha base application+topdressing 150 kg/ha urea(S600T).The effects of slow-release fertilizers on grain yield and starch particle size distribution of wheat were analyzed.The results showed that under the condition of reducing fertilizer application,the spike number first increased and then decreased,the grain number per spike decreased,the 1000-grain weight increased,and the yield of wheat under SF750 treatment was the highest.The content of wet gluten and protein decreased and the content of starch increased in two stubble.The volume and proportion of surface area of B-type starch in strong and weak grains first increased and then decreased,while the proportion of the volume and surface area of A-type starch grains decreased first and then increased in dry stubble.In rice stubble,While the proportion of the volume and surface area of B-type starch grains increased,while those of A-type starch grains decreased.The gelatinization parameters of the two stubble decreased.In summary,the reduction of fertilizer application mainly affects the grain size distribution of endosperm starch,decreases indicators such as gelatinization parameters,and increases grain yield and starch content,which further decreases the content of wet gluten and protein.Compared with the customary nitrogen application rate of farmers,reducing fertilizer application increases wheat grain yield,increases wet gluten and protein content,and decreases starch content.