新形势下我国人兽共患病防控挑战与应对策略

Prevention and Control of Zoonoses in China Under the New Situation:Challenges and Strategies

近20年来,多种新发人兽共患病疫情先后波及全球,严重危害人类健康、经济社会发展和农业安全,开展人兽共患病防控是持续性的重要任务。本文梳理了新发人兽共患病不断涌现、原有人兽共患病疫情反弹、全球一体化加快人兽共患病传播、世界新格局影响人兽共患病防控等全球防控态势,总结了我国在新型冠状病毒感染等新发突发人兽共患病有效防控、血吸虫病等主要常在常发人兽共患病有效控制或消灭、人兽共患病防控科技创新发展和政策法规支撑等方面取得的重大成效;凝练了我国在人兽共患病防控领域面临的新病频发、老病常发、外来病传入风险加剧且耐药性问题严重,防控技术创新能力不强、产品创制不足,源头防控力量薄弱、基层防控机制不够健全,国际交流与合作渠道受限等问题。论证形成了我国人兽共患病防控科技创新体系,覆盖病原学与流行病学、病原结构与功能、病原致病与免疫机制、诊断试剂、新型疫苗、新药创制、抗病育种、疫病综合防控与净化等主要研究方向,以增强我国人兽共患病源头防控的科技实力。进一步提出了我国人兽共患病防控策略,建议实施狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病、牛结核病、棘球蚴病等重大人兽共患病在动物群体中的净化和消灭计划,逐步净化消灭一部分老病;密切监测疫病流行动态、加强防控技术储备、高效应对突发传入病例,严防新发和突发人兽共患病。

Over the past 20 years,several emerging zoonotic epidemics have spread across the word,causing significant threats to human health,economic and social development,and agricultural security.This study reviews the current prevention and control situation worldwide,including the continuous emergence of new zoonoses,resurgence of existing zoonoses,acceleration of the spread of zoonoses through global integration,and impact of the new world pattern on the global prevention and control of zoonoses.Moreover,the study summarizes China’s major achievements in the effective prevention and control of new epizoonoses such as COVID-19,the effective control or elimination of common zoonoses such as schistosomiasis,the advances in scientific and technological innovation,and the support of policies and laws for the prevention and control of zoonoses.The prominent problems in the field of zoonotic disease prevention and control in China include(1)the frequent occurrence of new and old zoonotic diseases and increased risk of introduction of zoonotic diseases from abroad,leading to serious drug resistance;(2)weak innovation abilities in prevention and control technologies and products;(3)inadequate prevention and control at the source and an imperfect prevention and control mechanism at the grassroots level;and(4)limited channels of international exchange and cooperation.A scientific and technological innovation system in zoonotic disease prevention and control is proposed and covers eight research directions:aetiology and epidemiology,structural and functional analysis of pathogens,immunity mechanisms and pathogenesis,diagnostic reagents,new vaccines,new drugs,disease-resistant breeding,and integrated prevention and purification of diseases,aiming to enhance the scientific and technological strength of zoonose prevention and control in China.Furthermore,the prevention and control strategies of zoonotic diseases in China are proposed.A plan should be implemented for purifying and eradicating major zoonotic diseases such as rabies,brucellosis,bovine tuberculosis,and echinococcosis in animal populations,so as to gradually eliminate some existing diseases.Meanwhile,new and sudden zoonoses should be prevented by closely monitoring the epidemic dynamics,strengthening the technical reserves for prevention and control,and efficiently responding to sudden imported cases.