4-1BB transcriptomic expression patterns across malignancies:Implications for clinical trials of 4-1BB agonists

4-1BB,a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,is an important co-stimulatory molecule regulating the activity of immune cells across a range of physiological and pathological processes,which culminates in a potent immune response(Figure 1A and B)[1,2].Numerous clinical trials have been conducted utilizing 4–1BB agonists(Supplemental Table S1);however,previous and ongoing 4-1BB agonist trials are being conducted without biomarker selection,which potentially explains their modest efficacy.Interestingly,several studies suggest the potential value of utilizing transcriptomics in addition to genomics to identify the unique immunologic signature of individual tumors[3–7].