环境正义视角下自然保护区社区生态旅游发展路径研究——以云南省丽江市拉市海高原湿地省级自然保护区为例

Research on the Development Path of Community Ecotourism in Nature Reserve from the Perspective of Environmental Justice:A Case Study of Lashihai Plateau Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve,Lijiang City,Yunnan Province

社区发展、居民权益的获得与生态保护历来是环境正义与生态旅游发展的旨归。自然保护与生态旅游之间如何探寻一条既不影响后续代际公平,也不影响当代居民生存权、发展权的良性发展路径,实现环境正义中的义务与权利相统一,是值得反思的现实问题。论文以云南省丽江市拉市海高原湿地省级自然保护区为例,以环境正义视角解析其社区生态旅游发展过程中面临的区域敏感性问题、社区参与程度不一、生态补偿与替代生计选择不足、生态保护与旅游开发边界难以把控、部门管理与政策要求存在冲突、尚未实现全域均衡发展、“生态富民”障碍较多等多重困境,并尝试提出相应的开发与保护平衡、内生式造血、外援式输血、部门协同、空间融合、科学监督等解决路径,以期为拉市海及其他自然保护区的生态旅游开发、调控生态保护与社区可持续生计的矛盾冲突、探索新时代生态文明建设的实践路径提供决策参考。

Community development,the acquisition of residents’ benefits and the ecological protection have always been the purpose of environmental justice and ecotourism development.How to find a benign development path between nature conservation and ecotourism that neither affects the fairness of subsequent generations nor the rights to survival and development of contemporary residents,and to achieve the unification of obligations and rights in environmental justice,is a practical issue worth reflecting on.From the perspective of environmental justice,taking Lashihai Plateau Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve in Lijiang City of Yunnan Province as an example,this article analyzes the multiple dilemmas emerged in the process of ecotourism development,such as regional sensitivity issues,different levels of community participation,insufficient choices of ecological compensation and alternative livelihoods,difficulties in controlling the boundary between ecological protection and tourism development,conflicts between departmental management and policy requirements,lack of balanced development of the whole region,and obstacles to realize the ecological prosperity for local people.This research tries to propose corresponding measures and paths from development and protection balancing,endogenous like hematopoietic,foreign aid like blood transfusion,departmental coordination,space integration,scientific supervision,and other solutions.It is expected to provide decision-making references for the development of ecotourism in Lashihai and other nature reserves,solving the conflicts between ecological protection and sustainable livelihood of communities,and improving contemporary ecological civilization construction.