《学位法》学位授予条件条款的法律构造

Legal Structure of Degree Conferral Criteria in the Degree Law

《学位法》第十八条学位授予条件条款细化了我国学位授予条件,这是立法亮点。但条文本身无法形成规范,学位授予条件实体要件仍须经解释确认。实体要件是应获学位者自身当满足之条件,而非必要程序。经文义解释,其涉及资格、政治、守法、道德和学术五个方面。对于政治、道德要件的质疑,需依法学方法排除。守法要件不能直接回应学位评价的本质,且不符合我国现行教育法秩序,仅为其他要件的判断依据。资格要件评价主体适格性,应从积极、消极层面展开。政治要件以形式判断为原则,应限制其内容之具体设定。道德要件评价学术道德和个人品德,分属学术自治与行政管理自治,以违法为否定标准。否定个人品德须判断规范之道德关联性并依比例原则。学术要件之评价属学术自治,内容须与学术评价相关。

Article 18 of the"Degree Law"refines the criteria for the conferral of degrees in China,representing a legislative highlight.However,the text itself cannot establish a norm,and the substantive requirements for degree conferral still require interpretation and confirmation.The substantive requirements are the conditions that candidates must meet themselves,rather than necessary procedures.Through literal interpretation,these requirements encompass five aspects:qualifications,politics,law-abiding behavior,morality,and academics.Concerns regarding the political and moral requirements can be addressed through legal methodology.The law-abiding requirement does not directly address the essence of degree evaluation and does not conform to the current educational legal order in China,serving merely as a basis for the evaluation of other requirements.The evaluation of qualification requirements should be conducted from both positive and negative perspectives.The political requirement should adhere to the principle of formal judgment,with restrictions on the specific setting of its content.The moral requirement evaluates academic morality and personal character,belonging respectivelyytoacademicautonomyand administrative management autonomy,with illegality as the criterion for negation.The negation of personal character must assess the moral relevance of the norm and follow the principle of proportionality.The evaluation of academic requirements falls under academic autonomy and must relate to academic evaluation.