法典化背景下高校学位授予非学术标准的省思与调适

Reflections on and Adaptation of Non-academic Standards for Awarding Degrees in Higher Education Institutions under the Background of Codification

法典化背景下,对非学术标准的省思与调适将成为教育法典编撰的重要作业,亦能为法典的体系化转向提供可操作的经验范本。学位授予非学术标准内含政治标准、品行标准及道德标准。非学术标准的存在符合我国国家学位制度与学籍制度的施行逻辑,承载着实现高等教育“立德树人”目标的期待,同时亦有国际经验的支持。作为体系型法典,教育法典立法条款应避免碎片化与原则化倾向。对照该要求,时下学位立法中的非学术标准条款存在显著的抽象性特征,将加剧学界的理论分歧、高校与学生的争议,以及司法实务中判决理路的差异化。非学术标准的正当来源应被重塑为立法授权,由此,高校制定此类标准应遵循正当程序原则的核心要求,法院对此亦应展开实质审查。非学术标准的范畴应展开全面的统合:政治标准应通过《宪法》《刑法》予以厘定,从而避免其扩大化;品行标准体量最为庞大,在立法授权逻辑下,结合既有立法,其应分为违反法律和非学术性学术不端;道德标准的意涵应限定为政治标准与品行标准,从而规避法律和道德的混同。

Under the background of codification,reflections on and adaptation of non-academic standards will become important tasks in the compilation of education code,and will also provide practical models for the systematic transformation of codes.The non-academic standards for awarding degrees include political,behavioral and moral standards.The existence of non-academic standards is in line with the implementation logic of China's national degree system and student registration system,carrying the expectation of achieving the goal of"cultivating morality and educating people"in higher education,and also supported by international experience.Given that the education code is a systematic code,its legislative provisions should avoid fragmentation and inclination to principles.According to this requirement,the clauses of non-academic standards in the current degree legislation have obvious abstract characteristics,which would1 aggravatetheoretical divergences in the academic circle,disputes between universities and students,and differences in the judgment in judicial practice.The legitimate source of non-academic standards should be reshaped into legislative authorization.Therefore,universities should adhere to the core requirements of due process principles.The court should also conduct substantive reviews.The scope of non-academic standards should be integrated comprehensively:the political lstandards should be determined throughthe Constitution and Criminal Law,so as to avoid unauthorized expansion of scope;The moral standards make up the largest proportion,under the logic of legislative authorization,taking note of existing legislation,the moral standards should be divided into violation of law and non-academic academic misconducts;The moral standards should be limited to political standards and moral standards,so as to avoid confusion of law and morality.