Allocentrism and numerator-based innovation:Panel data evidence

We explore the existence of a relationship between firms’allocentric approach,measured by their collaboration activities for innovation,and the orientation of their innovation.In particular,we propose a distinction between numerator-driven and denominator-driven innovation and how that relates to collaboration.We discuss the theoretical underpinnings of this relationship and test its existence using survey data from the PITEC,a panel of Spanish firms.We find that cooperation is indeed associated with a greater emphasis on numerator-driven innovation relative to denominator-driven innovation.