“合约退出”激发劳动力市场灵活性的历史经验、现时选择与未来方向

The historical experience,present choice and future direction that"withdrawal of contract"stimulates the labor market flexibility

“增加劳动力市场灵活性”是官方与市场的双向需求。我国劳动合同法律制度尚未作出相应修改,劳动关系的灵活性难以获得根本性释放。自发型“合约退出”成为探索灵活性的重要方式,新兴业态“增量”就业领域主要表现为“去劳动关系”“自雇化”就业的蓬勃发展,传统业态“存量”就业领域主要表现为用人单位与劳动者选取劳动者可弃权事项有限度地退出劳动法调整。在社会主义市场经济改革的历史进程中,政府设计与主导下的建构型“合约退出”顺利实现了固定工制度向全面劳动合同制的转轨。激发就业与用工秩序的灵活性,是彼时之建构型“合约退出”与此时之自发型“合约退出”的共同目标。当下劳动力市场自发型“合约退出”亦有潜在问题需要解决。“增量”就业需正视新业态组织体系分散化、用工主体消解化及管理方式信用化的特征,做好两“防”一“补”;“存量”就业可以“定范围”“控方式”“统口径”为前提,在劳动关系领域探索有限度的“合约退出”。

"Increasing the flexibility of the labor market"is a two-way demand of the government and the market.China's legal system oflabor contract has not yet been amended accordingly,making it difficult to fundamentally release the flexibility of labor relations.The spontaneous"withdrawal of contract"has become an important way to explore the flexibility.It is mainly manifested as the booming development of"severing labor relations"and"self-employment"in the field of"incremental"employment in the emerging industry,and the adjustment that the employer and the worker choose the matters waivable to the worker to withdraw from the labor law with limits.In the historical process of socialist market economy reform,the constructive"withdrawal of contract"designed and dominated by the government has successfully realized the transition from a fixed-worker system to a comprehensive labor contract system.To stimulate the flexibility of employ-ment and labor order is the common goal for the constructive"withdrawal of contract"at that time and the spontaneous"withdrawal of contract"at this time.However,there are also potential problems that need to be solved in the current spontaneous"withdrawal of contract".The"incremental"employment should face the decentralization of organizational system,the dissolution of employers,and the tendency of credit in the man-agement style in the new industry,achieving two"preventions"and one"remedy";the"stock"employment should be based on the premise of"delimiting the scope","controlling the mode",and"unifying the caliber"to explore the"withdrawal of contract"with limits in the field of labor relations.