经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流治疗术后腹腔感染4例并文献复习

Transsinus nephroscopic debridement and catheter irrigation drainage for postoperative intra-abdominal infection:4 cases report and literature review

背景与目的:术后腹腔感染(PIAI)是腹部外科常见的术后并发症,也是处理棘手的世界性难题,治疗失败率为68.3%,住院病死率高达40.8%。处理该病的关键在于尽早控制感染源,清创与充分引流;感染源延迟控制是预测其治疗失败的独立风险因素。由于不少PIAI病灶位于腹腔内,没有较好的穿刺引流路径;而且再次手术的难度和风险极大,因此控制PIAI的感染源并非易事。笔者报告4例经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流治疗PIAI患者的诊治经过,以期为临床提供参考和借鉴。方法:回顾性分析桂林医学院第二附属医院肝胆胰外科2020年10月—2022年9月收治的4例经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流治疗PIAI患者的临床资料,并结合文献总结经窦道肾镜处理PIAI的要点。结果:4例PIAI患者分别为重症急性胰腺炎穿刺置管引流后右侧腹膜后脓肿,右半肝切除术后肝创面脓肿,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石T管引流术后胆汁漏及继发性十二指肠瘘,以及胰体尾联合脾脏切除术后胰腺创面脓肿,上述患者经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流处理:经引流管窦道插入导丝,并在其引导下插入微创扩张引流套件及肾镜,经肾镜冲洗排出脓液和经异物钳夹出脓苔,之后在导丝引导下置入冲洗引流管,术后继续冲洗引流。4例PIAI患者共接受了5次经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流术,其中1例患者接受了2次;术前置管时间14~58 d,平均38.4 d;其中1例患者同期进行经T管窦道胆道镜取石胆道引流;手术操作时间为30~115 min,平均67.4 min;除1例术中出现少量出血,经鞘管注入稀释去甲肾上腺素液并阻塞鞘管出血停止,其余3例未出现手术并发症;术后置管时间7~30 d,平均20.75 d;经治疗后所有患者PIAI病灶消失,术后随访16~40个月,未见复发。结论:经窦道肾镜清创并置管冲洗引流治疗PIAI简单易行,直视下操作避免损伤脏器,安全可靠;不仅能清除脓液及脓苔,更换引流管,而且还可反复操作,效率高,效果显著;特别适合术后腹腔引流管引流不畅且合并包裹性腹腔积液的患者。

Background and Aims:Postoperative intra-abdominal infection(PIAI)is a common postoperative complication in abdominal surgery and a challenging issue worldwide,with a treatment failure rate of 68.3%and an in-hospital mortality rate as high as 40.8%.The key to managing this condition is early control of the infection source,debridement and adequate drainage.Delayed control of the infection source is an independent risk factor for predicting treatment failure.Many PIAI lesions are located deep within the abdominal cavity,lacking optimal routes for percutaneous drainage,and the risks and difficulties of reoperation are significant.Thus,controlling the infection source in PIAI is a difficult task.Here,the authors report the management of 4 PIAI patients treated with nephroscopic debridement and catheter irrigation and drainage via the sinus tract,aiming to provide clinical insights and references.Methods:The clinical data of 4 patients undergoing nephroscopic debridement,catheter irrigation and drainage for PIAI from October 2020 to September 2022 in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.Key techniques of nephroscopic management of PIAI were summarized and contextualized with relevant literature.Results:The 4 PIAI cases included a right-sided retroperitoneal abscess after catheter drainage for severe acute pancreatitis,a hepatic abscess at the liver raw surface after right hemihepatectomy,bile leakage and secondary duodenal fistula after laparoscopic choledocholithotomy and T-tube drainage,and a pancreatic abscess at the pancreatic raw surface after distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy.All patients underwent nephroscopic debridement and catheter irrigation and drainage via the sinus tract:guidewires were inserted into the drainage sinus tract,followed by a minimally invasive expansion drainage kit and nephroscopy;pus was irrigated out,and pus moss was clamped out with foreign body forceps under nephroscopy.Then,irrigation drainage tubes were placed under the guidance of the guidewire,and continuous irrigation and drainage were performed.The 4 patients underwent a total of 5 nephroscopic debridement and catheter irrigation and drainage procedures,with one case requiring two operations.The preoperative catheterization time ranged from 14 to 58 d,with an average of 38.4 d.One patient concurrently underwent choledochoscopy for stone extraction and biliary drainage via the Ttube sinus tract.The operative time ranged from 30 to 115 min,with an average of 67.4 min.Aside from one case of minor intraoperative bleeding,which stopped after injecting diluted norepinephrine solution into the sheath and blocking the sheath,there were no surgical complications in the other three cases.The postoperative drainage tube duration ranged from 7 to 30 d,with an average of 20.75 d.After treatment,all PIAI lesions disappeared,and no recurrence was observed during follow-up,which ranged from 16 to 40 months.Conclusion:Nephroscopic debridement and catheter irrigation and drainage via the sinus tract for PIAI is simple,feasible,and safe,allowing for direct visualization to avoid organ damage.It is effective in removing pus and necrotic tissue,replacing drainage tubes,and can be repeatedly performed with high efficiency and remarkable results.This method is particularly suitable for patients with postoperative abdominal drainage tube obstruction combined with encapsulated intra-abdominal fluid collections.