东汉西北边地移民问题探析

An Analysis of the Problem of Migration of Northwest Borderland in Eastern Han Dynasty

东汉政府在西北边郡移民主要分为三个阶段:建武年间由于西北边疆不宁,大规模省并郡县并内徙吏民,借保民之机充实内地;明帝、章帝、和帝时期国力恢复,积极徙民实边同时内徙羌民,补充西北地区及关中地区人口流失;东汉中后期自然灾害频发以及西北局势恶化,朝廷内出现遣返移民的提议并执行。加之羌乱不断,朝廷“弃凉”朝议未果,出现“弃郡内徙”。东汉对西北边郡的移民是以国家为主导的动态发展过程,但面对西北地区强大的割据势力、边疆民族冲突等问题,朝廷对西北的控制非常有限并且逐渐减弱甚至无力控制。

The migration of the Eastern Han government in the northwest border counties can be categorized into three distinct phases:During the Jianwu period,widespread unrest in the northwest prompted significant internal migration from various provinces and counties,which was leveraged to enhance resources within;during the reigns of Emperors Ming,Zhang,and He,national strength was restored,leading to an active resettlement of Qiang people into both actual border areas and surrounding regions to mitigate population losses in the northwest and Guanzhong.In the mid-to-late Eastern Han Dynasty,frequent natural disasters exacerbated conditions in the northwest.Additionally,ongoing chaos instigated by Qiang forces led to a policy shift where the court effectively'abandoned Liang,'resulting in discussions around'abandoning county migration.'The migration process initiated by the Eastern Han Dynasty towards its northwest border counties represented a dynamic development orchestrated by state mechanisms.However,faced with formidable separatist movements and ethnic conflicts prevalent in this region,governmental control over Northwest territories became increasingly limited and ultimately diminished.