台语系词的来源及演变

The Origin and Evolution of Copulas in Zhuang-Dai Languages

台语系词很可能在唐宋产生,但当时未发展成熟,这是台语系词中固有词与汉语借词共存的主要原因。台语系词大致有:1)源于“(打)中”义动词的固有词;2)源于“成为”义动词的固有词;3)汉语借词“着”;4)汉语借词“正”;5)汉语借词“是”;以及来源不明的l?~3/le~1。它们产生(借入)时间顺序很可能是:源于“(打)中”义动词的系词→源于“成为”义动词的系词→汉语借词“正”→汉语借词“是”/“着”。l?~3/le~1具有系词功能的时间难以判断。“(打)中”义词、“正确”义词、系词同形,很可能是部分语言的共同特征。几个汉语借词中,“正”“着”的系词功能来自对壮语相应词的语义复制;“是”则是直接以系词功能借入。固有词是否演变成系词,与相应区域受汉语影响深浅紧密相关。

The copulas in Zhuang-Dai languages emerged probably during the Tang and Song Dynasties but not yet fully developed at that time,which is the main reason for the coexistence of native words and borrowed words from Chinese in this system.It can be divided roughly into five types:1)the vernacular words derived from verbs meaning“hit the mark”(打中);2)the native words derived from the verbal meaning“become”(成为);3)the Chinese loan word“zhuo”(着);4)the Chinese loan word“zheng”(正);5)the Chinese loan word“shi”(是);and le^(3)/le^(1) of unknown origin.The time sequence of their generation(or borrowing)is likely to be 1)→2)→4)→5)/3)as labeled above.Although it is difficult to determine the time when le^(3)/le^(1) begain to show the function of a copula,the phenomenon that words with the meaning of“hitting the mark”and“correctness”share the same forms with the corresponding copulas is likely the common feature in some languages.Among those Chinese loanwords,the copula function of zheng and zhe comes from the semantic replication of their counterparts in Zhuang language;Shi was borrowed directly as a copula.Whether native words evolve into copulas is closely related to the depth of influence of Chinese language in the corresponding region.