越南应对CPTPP国有企业条款的策略及启示

Strategies and Implications of Vietnam's Response to CPTPP Provisions on State-owned Enterprises

CPTPP是第一个对国有企业参与国际贸易和投资活动提出比较全面的“纪律要求”的自由贸易协定。其中,国有企业条款主要涉及定义和涵盖范围、非歧视待遇和商业考虑、法院和行政机构、非商业援助、透明度、争端解决、例外条款等方面。越南于2018年正式加入CPTPP,希望通过高标准条款推动国内经济体制改革,特别是倒逼国有企业改革。1954年7月越南抗法战争结束后,其国有企业改革经历了计划经济时期建立政府直管国有企业部门、革新开放时期国有企业被赋予经营自主权、深化改革时期依据法律法规监管国有企业、融入国际时期倒逼国有企业改革4个发展阶段,国有企业改革取得了积极成效。CPTPP正式生效后,越南通过主动修订《企业法》、加速国有企业股份化改革、构建国有企业信息披露制度、争取较长过渡期和保留较长豁免清单,主动适配CPTPP国有企业条款,大力推动国有企业改革进程。越南是CPTPP缔约方中的发展中国家和唯一的市场经济转型国家,在国有企业管理方面与中国有相似之处。因此,中国可借鉴越南应对CPTPP国有企业条款策略,从健全统一的国有企业改革体系、坚持分类思路深入推进国有企业改革、进一步完善国有企业信息披露制度、在谈判过程中争取更长的改革过渡期、利用例外条款减少受约束国有企业范围等方面出发,积极寻求规则适配对接和深化国有企业改革。

CPTPP is the first free trade agreement to put forward more comprehensive"disciplinary requirements"for state-owned enterprises(SOEs)to participate in international trade and investment activities,among which the SOE provisions mainly cover aspects such as definition and coverage,non-discriminatory treatment and commercial considerations,courts and administrative agencies,non-commercial assistance,transparency,dispute settlement,and exception clauses.Vietnam formally joined the CPTPP in 2018,hoping to push forward the reform of its domestic economic system through high-standard provisions,especially the reform of SOEs.After the end of the war with France in 1954,the SOE reform in Vietnam experienced four development stages:the establishment of direct government management of the SOE sector during the planned economy period,the granting of operational autonomy to SOEs during the renovation and opening up period,the supervision of SOEs according to laws and regulations during the opening up period,and the reform of SOEs forced by active participation in the free trade agreement period.After the formal entry into force of the CPTPP,Vietnam actively revised the Enterprise Law,accelerated the reform of SOEs'demutualization,established the SOE information disclosure system,fought for a longer transition period and retained a longer exemption list,actively adapted the CPTPP SOE provisions,and vigorously promoted the domestic SOE reform process.Vietnam is a developing country among CPTPP parties and the only country with a market economy in transition,which has similarities with China in terms of SOEs.Therefore,China can learn from Vietnam's strategy for dealing with CPTPP SOE provisions and actively seek to align rules and deepen the SOE reform from the aspects of perfecting a unified SOE reform system,adhering to the classification idea to further promote SOE reform,improving the SOE information disclosure system,striving for a longer reform transition period in the negotiation process,and using exception clauses to reduce the scope of constrained SOEs.