CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术在牛、羊生产中的应用研究进展

Research Progress on CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology in Cattle and Sheep Production

近年来,基因编辑技术作为一种基因组修饰工具迅速发展,包括锌指核酸酶(zinc-finger nucleases,ZFNs)、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(transcription activator-like effector nucleases,TALENs)和成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein,CRISPR-Cas)系统在内的基因编辑工具使生物体的基因组DNA靶向修饰成为可能,尤其是CRISPR-Cas9系统的出现,加速了基因编辑技术的发展,成为基础科学和应用科学中的革命性工具。与ZFNs和TALENs技术相比,CRISPR-Cas9系统因其高灵活性、灵敏度、特异性和成本效益而被广泛使用。CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术通过靶向特定序列精确地切割DNA,并通过在特定基因组位点产生双链断裂来添加、去除或替换核苷酸等方式在位点引入特异性修饰对畜牧生产的不同方面做出了重大贡献,产生了改善牲畜生产和具有抗病性等多种动物模型,以研究畜禽关键基因功能,加速性状改良。作者主要阐述了CRISPR-Cas9系统的机制与功能及其在牛、羊生产中的应用进展,以期为今后的相关研究提供参考。

In recent years,gene editing technology has developed rapidly as a genome modification tool.Gene editing tools including zinc-finger nuclease(ZFNs),transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs)and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein(CRISPR-Cas)system make it possible to target genome DNA modification of organisms.The emergence of the CRISPR-Cas9 system,in particular,accelerated the development of gene editing technology as a revolutionary tool in basic and applied science.Compared with ZFNs and TALENs technologies,CRISPR-Cas9 systems are widely used due to their high flexibility,sensitivity,specificity and cost effectiveness.CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology has made significant contributions to different aspects of livestock production by precisely cutting DNA using targeting specific sequences and introducing site-specific modifications such as adding,removing or replacing nucleotides by generating double-strand breaks at specific genomic sites,producing a variety of animal models such as improved livestock reproductive production and disease resistance,so as to study the key gene functions of livestock and poultry and accelerate the improvement of traits.In this paper,the mechanism and function of CRISPR-Cas9 system and its application in the production of cattle and sheep are reviewed,in order to provide reference for future research.