mRNA疫苗递送系统研究进展

Progress on Delivery Systems of mRNA Vaccine

与传统疫苗相比,mRNA疫苗具有易于编译、免疫原性高、安全性强、生产成本低等优点,而将mRNA高效递送至细胞并成功表达,是mRNA疫苗发挥作用的关键环节,也是mRNA疫苗研发的主要瓶颈与痛点。因此筛选经济高效的核酸递送系统对于mRNA疫苗研发至关重要。目前,关注较多的核酸递送系统主要包括物理递送、纳米脂质体递送、聚合物递送、外泌体递送和阳离子乳剂递送等。物理递送主要是通过物理方法使裸mRNA直接穿过细胞膜进入细胞,纳米脂质体、聚合物、外泌体和阳离子乳剂等是以自身作为递送载体保护mRNA,从而提高递送效率、减少免疫反应。笔者基于mRNA疫苗最新研究进展,总结概述了不同递送方法的应用前景和局限性,并对其研究前景进行展望,以期为新型递送系统研发提供理论基础,促进mRNA疗法的临床应用,为更多疾病的预防和治疗提供新的mRNA疫苗解决方案。

Compared with traditional vaccines,mRNA vaccines have the advantages of easy compilation,high immunogenicity,strong safety and low production cost.The efficient delivery of mRNA to cells and successful expression is the key link for mRNA vaccines to play a role,and also the main bottleneck and pain point of mRNA vaccine research and development.Therefore,screening for cost-effective nucleic acid delivery systems is crucial for mRNA vaccine development.At present,nucleic acid delivery systems with more attention mainly include physical delivery,lipid nanoparticle delivery,polymer delivery,exosome delivery and cationic emulsion delivery.Physical delivery is basically the physical process of getting naked mRNA directly across the cell membrane into the cell.Lipid nanoparticle,polymers,exosomes and cationic emulsions protect mRNA by using themselves as delivery carriers,thereby improving delivery efficiency and reducing immune response.Based on the latest research progress of mRNA vaccines,the author summarized the application prospects and limitations of different delivery methods,and prospected their research prospects.It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the development of a new delivery system,promote the clinical application of mRNA therapy,and provide a new mRNA vaccine solution for the prevention and treatment of more diseases.