猪流行性腹泻疫苗研究进展

Research Progress on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Vaccine

近年来,随着中国养猪事业的高速发展,猪流行性腹泻(PED)已成为猪群的重要传染病,PED是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)引起的,以腹泻、呕吐、脱水为特征的急性病毒性传染病。PED主要通过呼吸道和消化道传播,哺乳仔猪最易感,死亡率可高达100%,给养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。PEDV是单股正链RNA病毒,具有4个主要结构蛋白、16个非结构蛋白和1个辅助蛋白ORF3。自2010年以来,该病毒变异株传播范围不断扩大,流行趋势日益复杂,经典毒株(CV777)相关疫苗已无法提供有效保护。因此,开发更加安全、有效的疫苗已迫在眉睫。灭活疫苗安全性高,但需多次接种且保护效果不佳;弱毒疫苗免疫原性良好,但存在毒力返祖风险;亚单位疫苗不携带病毒其他蛋白结构,使用安全、价格便宜,但其免疫原性差;重组病毒活载体疫苗可诱导产生特异性免疫反应,但安全性不足;重组细菌活载体疫苗能口服刺激机体黏膜免疫,并且载体具有佐剂作用,但其免疫效率不高;转基因植物疫苗安全稳定,但表达量低且研发周期长;核酸疫苗研发周期短、灵活性高,但安全性不高、外源基因易与宿主基因重组。随着相关研究的深入,各类疫苗研究已取得重要研究成果。笔者就PED灭活疫苗、弱毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗、重组病毒活载体疫苗、重组细菌活载体疫苗、转基因植物疫苗、核酸疫苗进行综述,以期为PED的防治和新型疫苗研发提供参考。

In recent years,with the rapid development of pig industry in China,porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED)has become an important infectious disease in pigs.PED is an acute viral infectious disease caused by Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),characterized by diarrhea and dehydration.PED is mainly transmitted through the respiratory and digestive tracts,and lactating piglets are most susceptible to it,and the mortality rate can be as high as 100%,which has caused great economic losses to the pig industry.PEDV is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus,it has 4 major structural proteins,16 non-structural proteins,and 1 auxiliary protein ORF3.Since 2010,the spread of the mutated strain of the virus has been expanding and the epidemiological trends have become increasingly complex,the classical strain(CV777)-related vaccines have been unable to provide effective protection.Therefore,it is urgent to develop a safer and more effective vaccine.Inactivated vaccines are safe,but require multiple vaccinations and are not as protective.Attenuated vaccine have good immunogenicity,but there is a risk of virulence regression.Subunit vaccines do not carry other protein structures of the virus and are safe and inexpensive to use,but they are poorly immunogenic.Live virus vector vaccines induce specific immune responses but have an inadequate safety profile.Live bacterial vector vaccines are able to stimulate mucosal immunity in the body by oral administration and the vectors are adjuvant,but their immunization efficiency is not high.Transgenic plant vaccines are safe and stable,but have low expression and long development cycles.Nucleic acid vaccine has a short development cycle and high flexibility,but the safety is not high,and the foreign gene is easy to recombine with the host gene.With the deepening of related research,various types of vaccine research have achieved important research results.This article provided an overview of PED inactivated vaccines,attenuated vaccine,subunit vaccine,live virus vector vaccine,live bacterial vector vaccine,transgenic plant vaccine,and nucleic acid vaccine,in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of PED and the development of new vaccines.