美国公立大学治理中的校长权力边界及其扩展——基于大学章程和司法判例的双重阐释

The Boundary of Presidential Power and its Extension in the American Public University Governance:Based on the Ddual Interpretation of University Constitution and Judicial Precedents

以加州大学总校章程和美国经典判例汇编为证据源,洞悉美国公立大学校长权力的作用边界及扩展机制。研究发现,美国公立大学形成了包括董事会、校长办公室、学术评议会在内的横向共治模式,以及系、学院、学校三级行政的纵向权力结构。校长拥有对行政人员的任命与管理权、对学术人员评聘与转轨的决定权、对微观教学过程的干预权以及对教育经费的管理使用权。上述行政权力的“扩展”也呈现出制度化、物态化、操作化三大特征,在身份性权力、经济性权力、委托性权力方面有限延展。行政主义统合、学术主义离场的校长权力膨胀现象在中国也有类似趋势,学术权力面临受侵害的风险,未来有待进一步优化高校法人制度建设,完善大学内部权力分配机制。

Drawing on the Constitution of the University of California System and a compilation of classic American legal cases,this essay offers insight into the functional limits and mechanism of presidential power extension in American public universities.It is found that U.S.public universities have formed a horizontal model of co-governance that includes the Board of Governors,the Office of the President,and the Academic Review Board,and a vertical power structure with three levels of administration including department,university,and school.The president has the right to appoint and direct administrative staff,decide on the evaluation and transfer of academic staff,intervene in the micro-teaching process,and use the management of educational funds.The expansion of administrative power presents three characteristics such as institutionalization,materialization and operationalization,with limited extension in the aspects of identity power,economic power,and proxy power.The expansion of the president s power,which is characterized by the integration of administrative doctrine and the departure of academic doctrine,also has a similar trend in China,and the academic power is facing the risk of being infringed.In the future,it is suggested to further optimize the construction of the legal person system of universities and improve the internal power distribution mechanism of universities.