东南亚冷战与印尼现代化——以尼克松政府对印尼援助新方向为中心的考察

Southeast Asian Cold War and Indonesian Modernization:An Examination on the Nixon Administration's New Direction of Aid to Indonesia

20世纪70年代,本土力量在东南亚冷战中的能动性日益突出,他们利用国际冷战提供的历史机遇,开启了自身现代化进程并强化了国内威权主义统治的合法性,东南亚冷战逐渐演变为本土力量围绕着现代化来组织动员国内、区域和国际力量的新场域冲突。作为现实主义者的尼克松和基辛格,以对外援助的新方向调整美苏在东南亚的力量对比,印尼苏哈托政府亦展示了高度的能动性,将印尼“第一个五年发展计划”的成败与国内所谓的“共产主义”威胁联系起来,将尼克松政府对印尼的经济援助塑造为一个政治安全问题,印尼开始牵引东南亚区域冷战,进而影响美苏在欧亚大陆的力量博弈。1971年《东南亚中立化宣言》的发表和苏哈托在1973年总统大选中获胜,标志着东南亚本土冷战开始呈现出不同于美苏冷战的内在机理与历史节奏。

In the 1970s,the initiative of local forces in the Southeast Asian Cold War became increasingly prominent.They took advantage of the historical opportunity provided by the international Cold War to initiate their own modernization process and strengthen the legitimacy of domestic authoritarian rule.The Southeast Asian Cold War gradually evolved into a new field conflict in which local forces mobilized and organized domestic,regional,and international forces around modernization.As realists,Nixon and Kissinger adjusted the power balance between the United States and the Soviet Union in Southeast Asia with a new direction of foreign aid.The Indonesian Suharto government also demonstrated a high degree of initiative,linking the success or failure of Indonesia's“First Five Year Plan”to the so-called“communist”threat domestically,internalizing the Nixon government's economic aid to Indonesia as a political security issue.Indonesia began to lead the Southeast Asian regional Cold War,indirectly affecting the power game between the United States and the Soviet Union in Eurasia.Suharto's victory in the 1971 presidential election and the publication of the Southeast Asian Neutralization Declaration in the same year marked the beginning of the internal mechanism and historical rhythm of the Cold War in Southeast Asia which are different from those of the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.