叶卡捷琳娜二世时期俄国伏尔加地区德意志移民政策探析

A Research of Russian Policies and Administration toward Volga Germans in the Reign of CatherineⅡ

叶卡捷琳娜二世为了巩固在伏尔加河流域的统治,于1763年颁布邀请外国人移居俄国的诏令。当时的德意志内部政治动荡、经济凋敝,宗教信仰受限,一些德意志人萌生了向外移民的愿望,因此诏令成功吸引了德意志移民大规模前往伏尔加地区定居。俄国对伏尔加德意志移民施行有别于俄国人的管理措施,这种管理方式确立了俄国后世移民政策的基本框架。伏尔加德意志移民及其后裔对伏尔加地区的稳定发展发挥了重要作用,达到了俄国希望的安边、实边与发展经济之预期。与此同时,伏尔加德意志移民在定居俄国初期遭遇了重重困难,加之受到不同于俄国人的相对独立的管理,导致其与俄国人之间长期存在隔膜。虽然伏尔加德意志人后来成为俄国的一个新民族,但始终没有与俄罗斯人形成共同的族群认同。

In order to enhance the rule in the Volga region,Catherine II issued an edict in 1763 inviting foreigners to immigrate to Russia.At that time,political turmoil,economic pressure and a certain degree of religious oppression in Germany made some Germans wish to emigrate.The edict successfully attracted a large number of German immigrants to settle in the Volga region.Russia implemented management measures for Volga Germans that were different from those for Russians,which established the basic framework of Russian immigration policies and administration in later times.The Volga Germans played an important role in the stable development of the region,fulfilling Russias expectations of securing the borders and developing the economy.However,the Volga Germans encountered many difficulties in the early days of their settlement.This,coupled with the administration that was relatively separate from Russians,caused their longterm isolation from Russia.Although the Volga Germans later became a new ethnic group in Russia,they failed to form a common ethnic identity with the Russians in the long run.