离婚时共同财产分割的法律逻辑与效力体系

Legal Logic and Effectiveness System of Community Property Partition in Divorce

离婚财产分割关涉“分割比例”及“所有权归属”两大问题。在份额分割层面,立基于婚姻保护的理念,离婚共有财产不得依据贡献力分割。利他主义能够弥补婚姻保护理念的不足,使共有财产可被均等分割。“生产生活需要”“财产来源”皆不得成为突破财产均分的正当理由,但为了弥补机会利益损失,以及对法律作体系解释的要求,“照顾子女、女方、无过错方”原则可构成突破均等分割的正当理由。“生产生活需要”可成为确认所有权归属的原则,但对于家具、住宅的分配,应当让位于“儿童利益最大化”原则。“照顾子女”填补的系一方照顾孩子所丧失的期待利益以及相应的生理和心理成本,不可被囊括到抚养费范围之内。“照顾女方”起到照顾弱者的作用,作为参引规范,应指向离婚经济补偿与离婚经济帮助。即使一方仅存在一般过错,适用“照顾无过错方”原则也可令其少分财产。在分割共同财产时,照顾无过错方原则应劣后于照顾子女原则,但可优先于照顾女方原则适用。根据债务性质的不同类型,共同财产分割也可产生不同的对抗债权人的效力。

The partition of the community property in the case of divorce involves two main issues:“share” and “ownership”.At the level of share division,it is based on the concept of marriage protection that community property in divorce cannot be divided on the basis of contribution.Altruism can make up for the shortcomings of the concept of marriage protection,so that the community property can be divided equally.Neither the “needs of production and life” nor the “source of property” can justify a break in the equal division of property,but in order to compensate for the loss of opportunity interests and the requirement of a systematic interpretation of the law,the principle of “taking care of the children,the woman,and the party without fault” can constitute a legitimate reason to break through the equal division of property.The principle of “necessity of production and life” can be used to determine ownership,but in the case of the distribution of furniture and dwellings,it should give way to the principle of “maximizing the interests of children”.The “taking care of children”,which compensates for the loss of expected interests and the corresponding physical and psychological costs by one party in taking care of the child,cannot be included in the scope of child support.“Taking care of women” plays a role in taking care of the weak,and as a reference norm,it should be directed to financial compensation and financial assistance in the case of divorce.Even if one party only has a general fault,the application of the rule of “taking care of the no-fault party” may result in a lesser share of the property.In the division of community property,the “taking care of no-fault party” rule should be inferior to the “taking care of children” rule,but it may take precedence over the “taking care of women” rule.According to the different types of debt nature,the division of community property can also produce different effects against creditors.