第三支柱个人养老金税优激励的国际经验和政策启示

International Experience and Policy Implications of Tax Incentives for Third Pillar Personal Pension

税收优惠激励是第三支柱个人养老金制度发展的首要推动力。美国个人退休账户和德国里斯特养老金的税优政策就是其中的代表性案例。本文通过借鉴美国和德国的实践经验,分析了这两个国家的第三支柱相关财税政策发展脉络和主要特点,研究发现,这两个国家第三支柱具有规则设计简明、法律保障完善、覆盖人群广、政策设计灵活、缴费与税优额度上限差异化等特点,使得养老政策对居民具有较强的吸引力。根据我国国情,为完善我国第三支柱个人养老金税优政策,本文建议:实行EET+TEE相结合的税优模式;灵活开展制度设计,并打通转移接续渠道;扩大政策覆盖面,提高参保积极性;实施缴费差异化策略,并动态调整税收优惠额度。

Tax incentives are the primary driving force for the development of the third pillar personal pension system.The tax-advantaged policies of the Individual Retirement Accounts(IRA)in the United States and the Riester Pension in Germany are representative.Drawing upon the practical experiences of the exemplary countries such as the United States and Germany,this paper analyzes the evolution and key characteristics of the fiscal and tax policies related to the third pillar in these countries.It is found that the pension policy,with simple rule design,has improved legal protection,wide coverage of people,flexible policy design,and differentiated upper limits of payment and tax preference quota,are attractive to residents.To improve the tax incentives in China for the third pillar personal pension system,while taking into account the basic national conditions of our country,this article proposes the following suggestions:adopting a combined EET+TEE tax preferiential model;making the system design more flexible,establishing channels for transfer and continuation,expanding the policy’s demographic coverage,increasing participation enthusiasm,implementing differentiated contribution schemes,and dynamically adjusting the tax incentive amounts.