农民工能否从数字经济中受益?——基于就业质量视角

Can Migrants Benefit from the Digital Economy?-Based on the Perspective of Employment Quality

高质量就业是高质量发展的重要内涵,数字经济正成为驱动高质量就业的新引擎。基于中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),运用固定效应模型,探究数字经济对农民工就业质量的影响。研究发现,总体而言,数字经济对农民工劳动收入、劳动福利和劳动强度维度的就业质量存在显著负向影响。进一步地,聚焦于数字经济影响农民工就业质量的组群异质性。基于技能和职业任务类型分组的结果表明,与高技能农民工相比,数字经济对低技能农民工劳动收入和劳动福利的负向冲击更加显著;相较于非常规任务组农民工,数字经济显著降低常规任务组农民工就业质量水平。就不同产业部门的农民工而言,与生产部门农民工相比,数字经济显著提升高端服务部门农民工的劳动收入和劳动福利;却造成低端服务部门农民工劳动福利水平下降。相较于非贫困户农民工,数字经济显著提高贫困家庭农民工的劳动收入,但造成其劳动福利、劳动强度和就业稳定性维度的就业质量下降。由此可知,数字经济在一定程度上对人力资本劣势的农民工群体产生了就业冲击。若要充分发挥数字经济在促进高质量充分就业方面的作用,就要努力消弭人群间的“数字鸿沟”,建立行之有效的教育与培训体系,予以数字弱势群体一定的政策保护,让数字经济产生的就业红利更具包容性与普惠性。

High-quality employment is essential to high-quality development,and the digital economy is becoming a new engine driving high-quality employment.This article empirically verifies the impact of the digital economy on the employment quality of migrants,by employing the dataset of China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)and the fixed effect model.The results illustrate that:In general,the digital economy has a significant negative impact on the employment quality of migrants in the dimensions of labor income,labor welfare,and labor intensity.Further,this paper focuses on the heterogeneous effects of the digital economy on migrants'employment quality.Based on the grouping of skills and occupational tasks,the results show that compared to high-skilled migrants,the digital economy negatively impacts the labor income and labor welfare of low-skilled migrants;compared to migrants in the non-routine task group,the digital economy significantly reduces the employment quality of migrants in various dimensions in the routine task group.In terms of migrants in different industrial sectors,the digital economy has significantly improved the labor income and labor welfare of migrants in the high-service sector.However,the labor welfare of low-end service sector migrants is relatively declining.Compared with non-poor migrants,the digital economy significantly improves the labor income of migrants from poor families but leads to a relative decline in the employment quality of labor welfare,labor intensity and employment stability dimensions.Therefore,it can be concluded that the digital economy has caused an employment shock to migrants with inferior human capital to a certain extent.If we want to give full play to the role of the digital economy in achieving high-quality employment,efforts should be made to narrow the“digital divide”between people,establish effective education and training systems,give certain policy protection to digitally vulnerable groups,and make the job dividends of the digital economy more inclusive.