晶体冰微观结构研究的最新进展

Recent advances in the study of the microstructure of crystalline ice

水是生命之源,对人类和整个生态系统都至关重要。作为水的固态形式,冰的结构研究对环境科学、大气科学和天体物理学等领域相关自然现象的理解有重要指导意义。然而,由于氢键的影响冰的晶体结构非常复杂(仅目前发现就有二十种晶体相和三种无定形相),且通常存在于低温和高压等极端环境,因此其结构研究一直都充满挑战。早期冰的结构研究主要通过谱学手段,如X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和中子衍射等,揭示了平均结构信息。随着显微成像技术的发展,如透射电子显微镜、扫描隧道显微镜、原子力显微镜等,人们对冰的结构研究已经进入到分子尺度。本文将简要归纳过去近20年晶体冰微观结构的研究进展,并探讨未来晶体冰结构研究的挑战与机遇。

Water is essential for life and plays a critical role in both human health and the broader ecosystem.As a solid,the study of ice provides valuable insights into various natural phenomena across fields such as environmental science,atmospheric science and astrophysics.Despite its importance,understanding the structure of ice is complex due to a diverse range of crystalline phases(twenty crystalline phases and three amorphous phases have been identified so far)and the fact that ice typically forms under extreme conditions of low temperature and high pressure.Early study of ice structure predominantly relied on spectroscopic method,including X⁃ray diffraction,Raman spectroscopy,and Neutron diffraction,which provided average structural information.However,advancements in microscopic imaging techniques,such as transmission electron microscopy,scanning tunneling microscopy,atomic force microscopy,have allowed researchers to investigate ice structures at the molecular scale.This paper aims to summarize the progress made in the study of ice microstructure over the past two decades and to explore the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in the field of crystalline ice research.