数据垄断场景下滥用市场支配地位认定标准的完善

Improvement of Determination Criteria for Abuse of Market Dominance in Data Monopoly Scenarios

数据垄断区别于传统垄断,目前的“滥用市场支配地位”认定标准难以适用于数据垄断。具体包括以下三项内容:第一,数据市场具有多边性、动态性,相关产品市场无法准确界定;第二,市场份额这一静态结构指标无法衡量数据垄断场景下企业的支配力;第三,目前“滥用市场支配地位行为”的范围无法涵盖自我优待等数据反竞争行为。对此,首先,应当构建“相关数据市场”,数据市场由数据捕获子市场、数据存储子市场和数据分析子市场构成;其次,在判断是否具有市场支配地位时,应当考察企业所拥有的数据规模和范围、数据存储能力、数据分析能力,以及其他市场主体进入数据市场的难易程度;最后,应当扩大“滥用市场支配地位行为”的范围,将限制数据转移、滥用数据杠杆和侵犯用户数据隐私囊括其中。

Data monopoly differs from traditional monopoly.The current criteria for “ abuse of market dominance” is difficult to be applied to data monopoly,and the specific situations are as follows:first,the data market is multi-sided and dynamic,and the relevant product market cannot be accurately defined;second,the static structural indicator of market share cannot measure the dominance of enterprises in the data monopoly scenarios;third,the current scope of “abuse of market dominance” cannot cover data anti-competitive behaviors such as self-preferential treatment.In this regard,first of all,a “relevant data market” should be constructed as a unique relevant market.Based on the composition of data value chain,the “relevant data market” consists of three sub-markets:data capture sub-market,data storage sub-market and data analysis sub-market.Secondly,in the data monopoly scenarios,the market power of an enterprise is manifested as its data power.When determining whether it has a dominant market position,attention should be paid to the data capability of the enterprise,taking into account the scale,scope,and scarcity of the data that the enterprise possesses,the data storage capacity of the enterprise,the data analysis capacity of the enterprise,and the difficulty of other market entities entering the data market.Finally,based on the “harm theory”,the scope of “abuse of market dominance” should be expanded to include restrictions on the transfer of critical data,abuse of data leverage,and violations of users′ data privacy.