我国女子轻量级赛艇运动员备战奥运会高原冬训负荷结构及其训练效果

Structure of Training Load and Its Training Effect for Chinese Female Lightweight Rowers Preparing for the Olympic Games during Altitude Winter Training

目的:深入分析国家赛艇队女子轻量级组8周高原训练的训练负荷结构特点和训练效果。方法:以国家赛艇队女子轻量级组8名优秀运动员为研究对象,全程记录高原训练负荷安排,分别在赴高原训练前1周、下高原训练结束后1周测量峰值摄氧量(VO_(2peak))、无氧阈和测功仪2000 m、6000 m、8×250 m全力完成成绩,采集血样分析机能状态变化。结果:1)按训练时长统计,8周高原训练过程中水上训练占63.5%,测功仪训练占9.8%,力量训练占15.4%,跑步占11.3%;高原训练过程中,每周安排3次力量耐力训练。2)按训练距离统计,共完成水上训练882 km,测功仪训练256 km,跑步训练214 km。水上训练加测功仪总训练距离低强度有氧、中高强度有氧和大强度训练占比分别为72.8%、23.6%和3.6%。3)8周高原训练后,运动员VO_(2peak)显著提高[(4.42±0.34)L/min vs(4.64±0.17)L/min,P<0.05],提高幅度为4.92%;V_(O2peak)功率显著改善,提升了3.43%(P<0.05);4 mmol/L血乳酸对应的功率显著升高,增幅为12.08%[(186.77±11.47)W vs(209.34±21.36)W,P<0.05];全力完成测功仪2000 m、6000 m的成绩均显著提高,增幅分别为1.40%和2.69%(07:20.8±00:06.4 vs 07:14.0±00:06.7,P<0.05;23:19.7±00:27.9 vs 22:42.1±00:13.9,P<0.01);全力完成测功仪8×250 m的平均成绩显著改善,提升了1.3%[(52.77±0.84)s vs(51.71±0.67)s,P<0.01]。4)8周高原训练后,运动员体重显著增长(P<0.05),循环血血红蛋白、红细胞压积水平均显著升高(P<0.01),升高幅度分别为14.26%和12.99%;铁蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05),下降幅度为5.04%;睾酮和皮质醇水平未发生显著改变。结论:8周高原冬训中,水上训练加测功仪训练总距离低强度有氧、中高强度有氧和大强度训练占比与典型的极化模式存在一定差别,整体训练负荷安排呈类金字塔的极化训练模式。该负荷模式下的8周高原训练后,国家赛艇队女子轻量级运动员最大有氧能力、乳酸无氧阈功率、长距离有氧耐力、无氧耐力和专项能力均得到提高。从机能状态监测指标上看,运动员的循环血氧运输能力得到改善,且未对机体造成严重的疲劳积累。

Objective:To analyze the training load structure characteristics and training effects of eight weeks of altitude training of the women’s lightweight group of the Chinese national rowing team.Methods:Eight elite lightweight rowers from Chinese female lightweight team were involved as the research subjects.The training load during altitude training was comprehensively recorded,and the results of peak oxygen uptake(V_(O2peak)),anaerobic threshold,and ergometer performance at distances of 2000 m,6000 m,and 8×250 m all-out efforts were taken one week before altitude training and one week after altitude training,respectively.Blood samples were also collected to analyze the changes in physiological status.Results:1)According to the training duration of the eight weeks of altitude training,training on the water accounted for 63.5%,ergometer training accounted for 9.8%,strength training accounted for 15.4%,and running accounted for 11.3%;during altitude training,the strength and endurance training was arranged 3 times a week.2)Regarding the distance covered during training,a total of 882 km of raining on the water,256 km of ergometer training,and 214 km of running were completed.The total training distance of training on the water plus ergometer sessions,categorized by intensity,was 72.8%,23.6%and 3.6%for low-intensity aerobic,moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic,and high intensity training,respectively.3)After eight weeks of altitude training,V_(O2peak)was significantly increased by 4.92%[(4.42±0.34)L/min vs(4.64±0.17)L/min,P<0.05)];the power at V̇O2peak was significantly improved with an enhancement of 3.43%(P<0.05);the power corresponding to 4 mmol/L blood lactate concentration significantly increased with an improvement of 12.08%[(186.77±11.47)W vs(209.34±21.36)W,P<0.05];the all-out effort times to complete the 2000 m and 6000 m ergometer tests were notable improved with increase of 1.40%and 2.69%,respectively(07:20.8±00:06.4 vs 07:14.0±00:06.7,P<0.05;23:19.7±00:27.9 vs 22:42.1±00:13.9,P<0.01);the average time to fully complete the 8×250 m on the ergometer was sig‐nificantly improved by 1.3%[(52.77±0.84)s vs(51.71±0.67)s,P<0.01].4)After eight weeks of altitude training,the athletes’body weight increased significantly(P<0.05),and the circulat‐ing blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels both significantly elevated with increases of 14.26%and 12.99%(P<0.01),respectively;the blood ferritin levels significantly decreased with dropping by 5.04%(P<0.05);the testosterone and cortisol levels did not change signifi‐cantly.Conclusions:During the eight weeks of altitude winter training,the proportion of low-in‐tensity aerobic training,moderate to high-intensity aerobic training,and high-intensity training,in the total distance of training on the water and dynamometer training is differs from the typi‐cal polarized model,and the overall training load exhibited a quasi-pyramidal polarized training pattern.After 8 weeks of altitude training under this pattern,the improvements were observed in maximum aerobic capacity,lactate anaerobic threshold power,long-distance aerobic endurance,anaerobic endurance,and specific abilities of female lightweight athletes of the national rowing team.From the monitoring indexes of physiological status,the circulating blood oxygen trans‐port capacity was improved,and no serious fatigue accumulation was caused.