走进新闻馆:民国记者的招聘机制与职业建构(1912—1937)

Stepping into Newspaper Office:The Recruitment Mechanism and Professional Construction of Journalists in the Historical Period of the Republic of China(1912-1937)

民国时期,在新闻本位观念的影响下,公开招聘成为与“推荐”“坐科”并存的商业报馆的选人方式。报馆的招聘制度走向专业和规范,从只要求应聘者寄送访稿到面见洽谈细节,部分报馆还在招聘中增加了考试环节。同时,报馆的招聘标准建构了记者的职业能力,从只注重采写经验到设置学识门槛,且考察记者对新闻价值等的认识。至20世纪30年代,经过新闻教育和公开招聘进入报馆的记者获得广泛认可,具备新闻学识也成为报馆选人的标准之一。但新闻学教育的迟滞和办报理念的差异,导致社会各界对记者职业能力的认识存在差异。报馆现代招聘机制的形成,不仅彰显了民国记者的职业化进程,也为当代新闻教育和新闻事业间路径和目的的统一提供了历史经验。

During the period of the Republic of China,under the influence of the news standard,the recruitment of commercial newspapers became a method of selecting candidates coexisting with recommendation and"zuoke".The recruitment system of newspapers had become professional and standardized from only requiring applicants to send interview manuscripts to meeting and to negotiating details,and some newspapers had also added examinations to recruitment.At the same time,the newspaper's recruitment criteria had constructed the professional competence of journalists,which developed from focusing only on writing experience to setting academic thresholds,and examining journalists'understanding of concepts such as news value.By the 1930s,journalists who had been educated in journalism and recruited to newspapers were widely recognized,and journalism literacy became one of the criteria for selecting candidates.However,the delay in journalism education and the differences in newspaper concepts had led to differences in the understanding of journalists'professional competence.The formation of the modern recruitment mechanism of newspapers not only highlights the professionalization process of journalists in the period of the Republic of China,but also provides historical experience for the unity of path and purpose between contemporary journalism education and journalism.