中国北方5城市居室灰尘中多溴联苯醚的污染现况及其影响因素研究

Analysis of pollution status and influencing factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in household dust in five cities in northern China

目的了解我国北方5城市居室灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染状况及其影响因素。方法基于2018—2019年中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所开展的"中国室内环境与健康监测"项目,于2018—2019年的暖季(2018年4月至2018年9月)和冷季(2018年11月至2019年3月),以中国西北地区兰州市、华北地区石家庄市、东北地区盘锦市、华中地区洛阳市和华东地区青岛市作为研究现场,以真实生活场景下的家庭住宅为研究对象,共招募87户家庭;同时采集灰尘样品检测其PBDEs浓度,测量居室环境指标水平,并通过问卷调查收集住宅建筑特点和家庭生活行为习惯等,共获得有效灰尘样本142份,有效问卷140份。分析不同季节、风向区以及家庭住宅特点和生活习惯等PBDEs浓度的差异,采用探索性因子分析进行PBDEs来源分析,并采用多重线性回归探索居室灰尘中PBDEs的影响因素。结果北方5城市142份居室灰尘中总体PBDEs浓度的M(Q1,Q3)在暖季和冷季分别为144.51(106.61,222.65)ng/g和145.10(98.57,180.65)ng/g;∑12PBDEs浓度在洛阳市和石家庄市存在季节差异(P<0.01);PBDEs同系物中BDE-71的浓度最高,其次是BDE-66和BDE-47。探索性因子分析在暖季共提取出3个因子,累积方差贡献率为67.90%;多重线性回归结果显示,暖季屋龄小于10年[β(95%CI):0.186(0.013,0.359)]、家中不经常做饭[β(95%CI):-0.342(-0.570,-0.114)]、居室PM10浓度增加[β(95%CI):0.001(0.000,0.002)]以及冷季房屋离机动车道距离远[β(95%CI):0.093(0.013,0.172)]、房屋面积小于90 m2[β(95%CI):-0.138(-0.264,-0.013)]、居室二甲苯浓度降低[β(95%CI):-0.006(-0.011,-0.001)]可能与居室灰尘中∑12PBDEs浓度升高有关。结论中国北方5城市居室灰尘中的PBDEs污染处于中等偏高水平,屋龄、家中做饭频率、居室PM10浓度、房屋离机动车道距离、房屋面积和居室二甲苯浓度可能是居室灰尘中PBDEs的影响因素。

ObjectiveTo investigate the pollution levels and influencing factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in household dust in five cities in northern China.MethodsBased on the"Chinese Indoor Environment and Health Surveillance"project carried out by the National Institute of Environmental Health,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2018-2019,during the warm season(April 2018 to September 2018)and the cold season(November 2018 to March 2019),Lanzhou in Northwest China,Shijiazhuang in North China,Panjin in Northeast China,Luoyang in Central China,and Qingdao in East China were selected as the research sites.A total of 87 families were recruited to study residences in real-life scenarios.At the same time,dust samples were collected to detect the concentration of PBDEs.The level of household environmental indicators was measured,and the residential building characteristics and family behavior habits were collected through questionnaires.A total of 142 valid dust samples and 140 valid questionnaires were obtained.The differences in PBDE concentrations across seasons,wind zones,residential building characteristics,and family habits were analyzed.The exploratory factor analysis was performed to investigate the possible sources of PBDEs,and multivariate linear regression was used to explore the factors influencing PBDEs in household dust.ResultsThe M(Q 1,Q 3)of total PBDE concentrations in 142 household dust samples in five cities was 144.51(106.61,222.65)ng/g in the warm season and 145.10(98.57,180.65)ng/g in the cold season,respectively.There were seasonal differences in the concentration of∑12PBDEs in Luoyang and Shijiazhuang(P<0.01).The concentration of BDE-71 was highest among PBDE homologues,followed by BDE-66 and BDE-47.Three factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis in the warm season,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 67.90%.The multivariate linear regression showed that the house completion less than ten years[β(95%CI):0.186(0.013,0.359)],infrequent home cooking[β(95%CI):-0.342(-0.570,-0.114)],and increased residential PM 10 concentration[β(95%CI):0.001(0.000,0.002)]during the warm season,as well as the house far from driveway[β(95%CI):0.093(0.013,0.172)],house area less than 90 m 2[β(95%CI):-0.138(-0.264,-0.013)],and lower residential xylene concentration[β(95%CI):-0.006(-0.011,-0.001)]during the cold season might be related to the elevated concentrations of∑12PBDEs in household dust.ConclusionThe pollution of PBDEs in household dust in five northern cities is at a medium to high level.Years of house completion,frequency of cooking at home,residential PM 10 concentration,distance from house to driveway,house area,and residential xylene concentration may influence household PBDE concentrations.