国土空间规划视角下村庄分类技术方法与规划指引——以南宁市为例

Technical methods and planning guidelines of village classification from the perspective of territorial spatial planning:A case study of Nanning City

为贯彻乡村振兴战略,亟待在国土空间规划中建立村庄分类技术方法与规划指引,本研究提出由“分类标准—指标遴选—分类方法”构成村庄分类的技术思路。文章以南宁市辖区作为实证案例,从社会经济、人文特色、城乡关系、生态保护4大维度,选取11个指标构建村庄类型评价指标体系,基于自组织特征映射网络(SOFM)模型与人工校核修正相结合的方法,将467个行政村分为集聚提升类、城郊融合类、融入城镇类、特殊类和传统发展类5种类型,提出各类村庄差异化的空间管制与发展指引,并探索村庄分类规划传导体系,以期为各层级的村庄规划编制提供宏观村庄规划建议。

China has experienced rapid urbanization,resulting in the consolidation of many villages into towns or the reconstruction of many villages.Since villages have different histories and development,scientific classification and recognition is a prerequisite and a basis for their future revitalization.In recent years,the Chinese government has emphasized that villages should be classified scientifically in accordance with the laws of village development and evolutionary trends.With the establishment of the territorial spatial planning system,village classification has become the basis for village development at the macro level,as well as a macro guideline for detailed village planning.The purpose of this study is to explore the technical methods and planning guidelines for the classification of villages in the context of territorial spatial planning.The general concept of village classification is presented from the viewpoint of“classification criteria-index selection-classification method”by using Nanning City as an example.Specially,in order to optimize the classification criteria,it takes into account the local classification experience of Jiangsu Province in China,as well as the impact of territorial spatial planning on villages.It identified five types of villages:agglomeration and upgrading,suburban integration,integration into town,special category,and traditional development categories based on implementing the national classification requirements.The measurement dimensions of this classification criteria are based on the perspective of spatial integration of all elements of territorial spatial planning,and in accordance with the direction of classification guidance under the national rural revitalization strategy and the trend of future urbanrural relationships and finally four-dimensional measurement indexes including social economy,humanistic characteristics,ecological protection,and urban-rural relationship are developed.Among them,social economy and humanistic characteristics are the basis for current situation mapping and rural development in national spatial planning;ecological protection is an important principle for implementing ecological civilization in national spatial planning;urban-rural relationships serve as external drivers of rural development and are an important aspect of spatial planning at the national level.As for the selection of indicators,an innovative integrated approach to the overall spatial planning of the region was applied,as well as the main function of the zoning system,the evaluation of the resource and environmental carrying capacity and the evaluation of the suitability of territorial spatial development and other special contents.And 11 indicators were selected to develop a village type evaluation index system.In terms of classification methods,this study utilizes a combination of SOFM neural networks and manual calibration corrections and uses 467 administrative village types in Nanning as an example of its specific classification process.The following is the specific classification process.In the first step,a preliminary classification of village types is made using the SOFM neural network,forming nine theoretical alternatives for village classification.Consequently,the theoretical classification results have been combined and reclassified to the expected types from top-down based on the superior plans,such as the main function zoning and the planning level zoning of Nanning City.As a final step,the bottom-up check results were docked with the municipal districts and towns,and the classification results of the individual villages were reclassified to produce the classification scheme of five types of village layouts in Nanning City.Based on the results of this study,there are obvious differences in the spatial distribution of villages in Nanning City.A high proportion of villages fall into the category of agglomeration and upgrading,characterized by significant industrial advantages,accessibility,and high population density.Traditional development follows closely behind,with areas with good ecological resources and the villages classified as integrated into towns are mainly located around urban areas,closely associated with the layout of urban development boundaries.Villages classified as suburban integration are located in areas where occupational and residential ties to urban areas are high,whereas villages in the special category are relatively few,primarily relocated villages and special villages.This study proposes differentiated spatial control and development guidelines for the five types of villages under the jurisdiction of Nanning City and proposes a two-point system for village classification planning transmission.Firstly,in order to provide the Natural Resources Bureau,Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau and administrative villages with a control base for development and protection,a“one map and one table”of control guidelines should be developed and prepared.Secondly,the municipal village planning system should be systematically transmitted vertically and horizontally so that village development strategies can be transmitted from macro planning to detailed village planning construction plans.