2024年第5期/西部人居环境学刊/157明代军事建设对黔东南村落分布特征影响研究

Research on the influence of military construction in the Ming Dynasty on the distribution characteristics of villages in Southeast Guizhou

将409个黔东南传统村落为研究对象,采用ArcGIS与GeoDetector进行地理空间数据的量化分析,从时空演变角度对村落分布特征与军事建设因素的影响进行研究,重点探讨明代的变化,最后讨论汉文化的影响和整体影响机制,以期为地区文化溯源与保护利用提供理论依据。结果表明:第一,黔东南传统村落主要为少数民族,在多个中心聚集,选址靠近河流与山地,明代的情况与整体相似度极高。第二,传统村落的数量与距离军事城镇的距离呈负相关,与军事驿道保持一定距离相持生长,进入明代更加明显。GeoDetector探测得出军事建设因素解释力大于自然选址因素,明代军事驿道解释力最大。第三,汉文化使汉族聚落萌芽,促进了明代黔东南村落“大杂居、小聚居”的基本局面。第四,明代军事建设从自然地理,社会经济和历史文化方面造就了黔东南城市、交通和文化格局,进而决定了黔东南村落之后的分布格局发展。

Traditional villages are not only important material elements of human settlements,but also important carriers of culture and history.Nowadays,traditional villages are dying out in the modern environment,which makes the protection,inheritance and rational use of traditional villages imminent.From 2012 to 2019,the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development,the Ministry of Culture,the Ministry of Finance and other departments published a total of five batches of traditional villages list,a total of 6799 traditional villages in the country,including 409 in Southeast Guizhou,ranking first among the prefecture level administrative regions in the country.On June 1st,2020,the central government launched the work of protecting and utilizing traditional villages in 10 areas where traditional villages are concentrated,with prefecture level cities as the unit.Southeast Guizhou Prefecture is one of them,which means that the history and culture of traditional villages in Southeast Guizhou need to be more systematically integrated.The establishment of Guizhou Province originates from the military history of the Ming Dynasty.Southeast Guizhou is the starting area of the military post road of the Ming Dynasty,which is of great strategic significance.Therefore,the military construction has a far-reaching impact on this region.Many studies mentioned the dominant position of military factors in the Ming Dynasty in the formation of traditional villages in Southeast Guizhou,especially the important influence of the development of“one route”post roads,but did not explore.This paper takes 409 traditional villages in Southeast Guizhou as the research object,uses ArcGIS to visualize geospatial data and construct quantitative data,and uses GeoDetector to deeply quantify the explanatory power of various influencing factors.This paper studies the distribution characteristics of villages and military construction factors from the perspective of time and space evolution,and uses qualitative analysis to assist quantitative analysis,focusing on the changes in the Ming Dynasty.Finally,the influence of Han culture and the overall impact mechanism are discussed to expand the potential influence and law of military construction.The results show that:1)the traditional villages in Southeast Guizhou are mainly ethnic minorities,gathered in many centers,and the situation of the Ming Dynasty is very similar to the whole.The overall location of the village is close to rivers and mountains.In the Ming Dynasty,the village gathering point turned to highaltitude areas,which is further away from the river.The main gathering trunk stream is the Qingshui River.2)The number of traditional villages has a negative correlation with the distance from military towns,which became more obvious after the Ming Dynasty.Therefore,the location of traditional villages moved towards high-altitude mountains that are farther away from military towns and rivers and more defensive,resulting in the formation of several high-altitude gathering areas.Due to the military and economic attributes of the post road,the traditional villages and military post roads kept a certain distance from each other.This situation became more obvious after the Ming Dynasty.Qingshui River,as the main stream of two post roads at a certain distance,has become the most gathering place of traditional villages.The post roads in the Ming Dynasty brought more people to move in,which made the ethnic groups richer.GeoDetector detected that the explanatory power of military construction factors was greater than that of natural site selection factors,and the military post road in the Ming Dynasty had the largest explanatory power.3)The Han culture sprouted the Han settlement,and promoted the basic situation of“large mixed settlements and small settlements”