批判与超越:马克思与卢梭平等思想再审思

Critique and Transcendence:Rethinking Marx and Rousseau s Equality Thoughts

马克思与卢梭关于平等问题的思考是现代政治哲学的重要话题之一,而两人平等思想间的关系也备受关注与争议。他们都将私有制作为人类不平等的根源,并将平等作为人类解放的基本内涵,但由于二人分属历史唯物主义与先验理性主义两种根本异质的思想传统与理论范式,这使得他们追求平等的理想方案和实现径路都不相同。卢梭是在承认私有制的基础上,通过赋予平等权利的“政治方案”来解决不平等问题,并诉诸于“观念世界解放”来实现这一方案。马克思则通过摆脱从政治权利或法权来建立平等政治社会的现代意识形态幻想,将生产力与生产关系的辩证运动作为社会形态演进的根本动力,构建了瓦解和消除资本主义社会不平等的支配性权力关系的“经济-社会方案”,从而为人类解放开辟了现实道路。马克思对卢梭平等思想的批判与超越,呈现出18至19世纪平等思想的发展以及平等观念转变的现实基础及历史进程。

Marx s and Rousseau s thoughts on equality are one of the important topics in modern political philosophy,and the relationship between their thoughts has also been a subject of attention and controversy.Both of them regard private ownership as the root of human inequality and equality as the basic connotation of human emancipation.However,due to the fact that they belong to two fundamentally different intellectual traditions and theoretical paradigms,historical materialism and a priori rationalism,they pursue different ideal solutions and paths to achieve equality.Rousseau solves the problem of inequality by giving equal rights through a“political scheme”that recognizes private ownership,and achieves that by appealing to the“emancipation of the conceptual world”.Marx,on the other hand,tries to get rid of the modern ideological fantasy of establishing an equal society from political rights or legal rights,and regards the dialectical movement of the forces and relations of production as the fundamental driving force of social form evolution,thus constructing an“economic-social scheme”to dismantle and eliminate the dominant power relations of capitalist society,thereby opening up a realistic path for human emancipation.Marx s critique and transcendence of Rousseau s thought of equality presents the realistic basis and historical process of the development of equality ideas and the transformation of equality concepts in the 18th and 19th centuries.