中国国家公园治理中的社区角色及其巩固与发展

The role of communities in the governance of China's nationalparks and the consolidation and development of their role

有效的国家公园治理寻求发挥政府、市场、社会主体等各方力量,形成多方共治。以文献研究为基础,阐释中国国家公园治理中社会主体的重要一方——社区作为关键行动者的底层逻辑,结合实证研究提炼社区参与治理的特征与挑战,提出推动实现国家公园与社区协同发展这一治理目标的建议。研究指出:只有合理的自然资源多方共治才能维持自然与人的和谐共存。当前国家公园治理中的社区参与存在路径依赖、情境依赖和资金依赖,治理有效性受到结构性因素、本地认知和激励方式等主要因素影响。研究构建了国家公园与社区关系分析框架,以提升国家公园治理成效为目标,建议通过差异化社区机制、多元化激励与保障、内部化外部政策和主流化生物多样性等路径,推动多维的社区赋权以巩固和提升社区这一国家公园治理行动者的作用。

As China's national park system reform enters a crucial phase,effective governance of national parks seeks to leverage the strengths of government,market,and societal entities to establish a multi-actor co-governance structure.National park communities,as a vital component of societal entities,are a key link in fostering effective governance of national parks.Based on literature research,this paper elucidates the underlying logic of communities as critical actors in the governance of China's national parks.It distills the characteristics and challenges of community involvement in national park governance through empirical studies and proposes recommendations for promoting the coordinated development of national parks and communities.The study indicates that,as complex socio-ecological systems,Chinese national parks feature distinct patterns of community-based natural resource utilisation.The necessity of community involvement in national park governance fundamentally lies in the fact that only reasonable multi-actor natural resource governance can sustain harmony between nature and humans.Current community participation in national park governance is influenced by path dependence,context dependence,and financial dependence.Governance effectiveness is affected by structural factors,local cognition,and incentive mechanisms.Based on the analysis of current community participation,this paper further proposes an analytical framework to disentangle the park-people relationship that can be steered to be positive under good governance.Thus,to fully leverage the role of communities as actors in national park governance and achieve coordinated development between national parks and communities,the paper suggests differentiated community management mechanisms,diversified incentives and guarantees,internalisation of external policies,and mainstreaming biodiversity.This approach aims to achieve socio-ecological systems'adaptive governance,foster cooperation among governance entities,realise livelihoods compatible with conservation,and prompt interdepartmental government collaboration to address structural issues.Ultimately,clarifying natural resource property rights,decentralising management authority,and promoting community-led conservation based on local needs and cultural contexts should be central to community empowerment in community governance.To achieve the governance goal of coordination between national parks and community through a multi-actor governance approach,it is necessary to strengthen the power and secure rights of national park communities,with legal protection as the starting point and community selfawareness enhancement as the endpoint.Thus,multidimensional community empowerment,including political,economic,cultural,social,and technical aspects,should be implemented in the process of national park governance.