中国自然保护地典型治理模式成效比较——基于社区居民感知视角

A performance comparison of different governance types of protected areas in China:From the perspective of local communities

采取何种治理模式能够更好地提升自然保护地治理的生态、社会和经济成效?基于制度分析与发展(IAD)框架,选择大熊猫国家公园内部及周边17个社区,通过问卷调查、半结构化访谈、单因素方差、逐步回归分析,比较统治、分治和共治三种治理模式的社区居民成效感知差异,以及影响社区居民成效感知的其他要素。研究发现:(1)社区居民对大熊猫国家公园生态成效感知最为积极,对经济成效感知最为消极;(2)共治模式在三个维度表现最优,统治在生态、社会维度较次优,而分治在经济维度次优;(3)社区居民成效感知还受到地理空间特征、经济社会属性等因素综合影响。各类治理模式都存在其优势与劣势,共同治理也并非是解决所有公共池塘资源问题的“灵丹妙药”。提倡开展因地制宜的自然保护地治理模式选择。研究扩展了IAD框架的应用场景,深化了对自然保护地治理模式的理论认识,为中国自然保护地社区协调提供经验启示。

What governance model can be adopted to better enhance the ecological,social and economic effectiveness of nature reserve governance?Few studies have conducted quantitative comparative analyses based on the community perception perspective.Based on the Institutional Analysis and Development(IAD)framework,17 communities within and around the Giant Panda National Park were selected.Differences in community perception of State-led,co-managed,and community-based and other elements affecting community residents'perceptions of effectiveness will be compared,by means of questionnaires,semi-structured interviews,oneway ANOVA,and stepwise regression analysis.Our study found that:(1)Community residents have the most positive perceptions of the ecological effectiveness of the Giant Panda National Park and the most negative perceptions of the economic effectiveness.(2)The communitybased model has the best performance in the three dimensions,while State-led conservation has the second best performance in the ecological and social dimensions,and co-managed model has the second best performance in the economic dimensions.(3)The community residents'perceptions of the effectiveness of the Giant Panda National Park are affected by the combination of the natural geographic conditions,economic and social attributes,and other factors.We point out that all types of governance models have their advantages and disadvantages,and community-based governance is not a"panacea"for all public pond resource problems.Therefore,it is advocated to carry out local adaptation of the selection of nature reserve governance models.The study expands the application scenarios of the IAD framework,deepens the theoretical understanding of nature reserve governance models,and provides empirical insights for community coordination of nature reserves in China.