论13—14世纪东西方戏剧文化的交流互鉴

On Cultural Exchange and Mutual Learning between Eastern and Western Dramas in the 13th—14th Centuries

西域是中国戏剧艺术的重要发源地之一,能歌善舞的西域各族民众学习印度佛教戏剧表演艺术,不断向东方传播,对中原北方戏剧表演产生影响,公元1世纪左右9幕的佛教剧本《舍利弗缘》,7—10世纪回鹘文《弥勒会见记》和敦煌汉文剧本《释迦姻缘》等各个历史时期流行于西域地区的戏剧及其翻译是东西文化交融的缩影。13—14世纪东西交通大开,流行于敦煌、吐鲁番地区的回鹘文讲唱文学与中原戏剧艺术的交流迎来黄金期。受到西域戏剧的影响,13—14世纪中国戏剧发生突变,表演形式由叙事体变为代言体,乐曲方面也有较大突破,汉语声乐体系也受到很大冲击。贯云石和薛昂夫是元代东迁畏兀儿的著名散曲家,他们在音乐和文学内容的创作上都为元代戏剧作出贡献。

The Western Regions are one of the important places for the origin of Chinese theatrical art.Various ethnic groups from the Western Regions,such as the Uygurs,proficient in singing and dancing,learned from Indian Buddhist theatrical performance art and continually transmitted it eastward,influencing the drama performance in the northern Central Plains of ancient China.The Buddhist play"Sāiriputraprakana"from around the 1st century,the Uygur-scripted“Maitreya Meeting Record”from the 7th-10th centuries,and the Dunhuang Han Chinese-scripted play“Shakyamuni’s Marital Affinity”are such typical examples of the dramas popular in the Western Regions during various historical periods and their translations represent the fusion of Eastern and Western cultures.In the 13th-14th centuries,with the expansion of East-West transportation,the telling and singing literature popular in Dunhuang and Turpan had a golden-age interaction with theatrical art popular in Central Plains,and the influence of Western Regions drama led to significant changes in Chinese drama.The performance style transformed from narrative to representational,and there were substantial breakthroughs in musical compositions and impacts on the Chinese vocal system.Guan Yunshi and Xue Angfu,prominent Yuan Dynasty poets from the migrating Uygur group,made significant contributions to Yuan drama through their work in music and literary content.