灾害患者分诊的风险样态与刑法回应——以“伊佩方案”的修正为中心

Risk Patterns and Criminal Law Responses in Disaster Patient Triage:Focusing on the Revisions of the"Y−P Plan"

以伊曼纽尔等建立的道德框架为基础,进行风险源分析可知,分诊功利化、实质不平等、区别对待等伦理风险可能产生侵害刑法法益的危险。依托刑事法哲学中的禁止衡量生命和比例相称原则,事前分诊没有从生命的数量和质量中推导出优先的趋势,且囿于超法规的义务冲突,具有可免责性。事后分诊未保护比生命更重要的法益,手段也通常不具有适当性,一般构成犯罪。在防控层面,优先向医务人员提供个人防护设备属于成比例的回报,而优先救助的优待则不属于此。

Analyzing the moral framework established by Emanuel and others reveals that ethical risks such as utilitarianism,substantive inequality,and the lack of sufficient justification for differential treatment may lead to legal risks of violating criminal law.According to the principles of prohibiting the measurement of life and proportionality in criminal law philosophy,pre-disaster triage does not derive a prioritization trend from the quantity or quality of life and,due to extra-legal duty conflicts,may be exempt from liability.Post-disaster triage,however,fails to protect interests more valuable than life,and its means are often inappropriate,generally constituting a crime.On the prevention front,providing personal protective equipment to medical staff as a priority is a proportionate compensation,while preferential treatment in life-saving is not.