阿富汗民族国家建构:历程、困境与展望

The Building of Nation-State of Afghanistan:Process,Problems,and Prospects

国家建构是政治学有关国家理论的核心概念之一,一般包括政治精英通过完善官僚组织机构和国家机器以巩固、提升国家能力,推动国民认同感的民族建构两个部分。民族建构在一定程度上是要解决“谁的国家”的问题,具体包括建立由国家主导的统一的现代行政体系、税收体系、司法体系、军事体系和教育体系等。现代阿富汗的国家建构可以追溯至19世纪后期阿卜杜尔·拉赫曼建构集权国家,这也被认为在一定程度上塑造了阿富汗现代国家的雏形。从19世纪末起,阿富汗一再谋求建构独立的民族国家,但在内外部多重压力之下,阿富汗的民族国家建构最终都以失败而告终。2021年8月,塔利班重新执掌政权,也宣告阿富汗再次开启了民族国家建构进程。由于阿富汗长期受到传统部落社会结构、伊斯兰宗教文化以及大国干预等因素影响,其现代民族国家建构异常复杂、艰巨,前景不容乐观。

State-building is one of the core concepts in the political science theory of the state.It generally involves two main aspects:political elites strengthening and enhancing state capacity through improving bureaucratic organizations and state machinery,and fostering national identity through nation-building.Nation-building seeks,to some extent,to tackle the question of“whose state it is”,specifically by establishing a state-led unified modern administrative system,tax system,judicial system,military system,and education system.The modern state-building of Afghanistan dates back to the late 19th century when Abdur Rahman Khan built a centralized state,which is considered to have shaped the early form of the modern Afghan state.Since the late 19th century,Afghanistan has consistently attempted to build an independent nation-state.However,these efforts have repeatedly failed due to a range of internal and external pressures.In August 2021,the Taliban regained power,initiating a new phase in Afghanistan’s nation-state construction.Given Afghanistan’s long-standing traditional tribal social structure,Islamic religious culture,and foreign intervention,the process of modern nation-state construction remains extraordinarily complex and challenging with an uncertain future.