论儿童道德发展中的自然禀赋及其教育启示

On the Natural Endowment in Children’s Moral Development and Its Implications on Education

道德情感在道德教育中发挥着重要作用,能坚定道德认知,为道德实践提供精神引领。基于道德情感的作用分析,发现康德自然禀赋思想与其认识在一定程度上具有相通性。儿童身上具有智性情感“敬重”,这是康德直接所定义的“道德情感”,可以作为儿童道德发展中明确的自然禀赋,并将之视为推动儿童坚定天生的道德法则。康德自然禀赋思想可丰富道德情感的本体认识,即儿童的道德情感不仅是基于后天社会道德准则而显现的,还有自然原始的成分。儿童不是天生的道德无情者,他们“敬重”着天生的道德法则。在道德教育中需汲取自然禀赋思想的有益部分,发现儿童先验道德情感世界的“秘密”;儿童先天的“道德情感”可为后天道德情感的培养奠基,有益于增强对后天社会道德准则的认同,这也是在自然禀赋基础上的扩充。

Moral emotions play an important role in moral education,that can strengthen moral cognition and provide spiritual guidance for moral practice.Based on the ontological understanding of moral emotions,it is found that Kant’s idea of natural endowment has a certain degree of similarity with his understanding.Children possess the intellectual emotion of“respect”,which is directly defined by Kant as a“moral emotion”.It can serve as a clear natural endowment in children’s moral development,driving them to firmly adhere to their innate moral laws.Kant’s natural endowment theory can enrich the ontological understanding of moral emotions,that is,children’s moral emotions are not only manifested based on postnatal social moral norms,but also contain primitive elements of nature.Children are not born moral heartless,but“respect”innate moral laws.In moral education,it is necessary to draw on the beneficial part of the natural endowment idea,discover the“secrets”of children’s prior moral emotional world,and their innate“moral emotions”can lay the foundation for the cultivation of postnatal moral emotions,and enhance the identification of postnatal social moral norms,which is also an expansion on the basis of natural endowment.